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Bisc 414 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

A
  1. Minority of cells in the blood
  2. Distinct WBC types
    Sizes
    Nuclear morphology
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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

Vascular Distribution and Delivery to Tissues

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3
Q

WBCs (White Blood Cells)

A
  1. Arise in the Bone Marrow
  2. Arise from a common stem cell
    3, Develop and differentiate along one of two paths
    - Myeloid
    - Lymphoid
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4
Q

Myeloid Cell Linage

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Megakaryocytes

Granulocytes:
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
— Mast Cells
3. Eosinophils

Agranulocytes
1. Monocytes
— Macrophage
2. Dendritic Cells

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5
Q

Lymphoid Cell Linage

A
  1. B-Cells
  2. T-Cells
  3. Natural Killer Cells
    Dendritic Cells
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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  1. High concentrations of hemoglobin
  2. RBC production induced by erythropoietin
  3. Erythropoietin: directs myeloid precursor cells to differentiate into erythrocytes
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7
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Production of Platelets
1. Endomitosis
2. Production induced by thrombopoietin
2. Give rise to platelets

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8
Q

Platelets

A
  1. Cell fragments (no organelles)
  2. Activation
    – forms initial ‘plug’
    – initiates fibrous clot
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9
Q

Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast Cells, and Eosinophils)

A
  1. Members of the innate immune system
  2. Rapid response to ‘infection’ or ‘pro-inflammatory’ signals
  3. Nuclei are ‘multilocular’
  4. Specific Granules: Secretory endosomes
  5. Azurophilic Granules: Specialized lysosomes
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10
Q

Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes PMN)

A
  1. The predominant circulating leukocyte
  2. Are recruited to sites of infection via chemokines
  3. The predominant responder to chemokine signaling
  4. Neutrophile generation is increased in response to an infection
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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Specific Granules:
1. Smaller, pale, peroxidase- negative
2. Released during diapedesis
3. Enzymatic/functional activities
— extracellular matrix digestion
—- bactericidal protein

Azurophilic Granules:
1. Larger, dense, peroxidase-positive
2. Modified lysosomes
3. Fuse and digest engulfed material

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12
Q

Neutrophils (Mechanisms of Defense and Pathogen Killing)

A
  1. Phagocytize: engulf pathogens (fuse with lysosomes for digestion)
  2. Secrete anti-microbial proteins/ molecules (extracellular defense)
  3. Generate and secrete reactive oxygen species
  4. Release addition cytokines (signal for more neutrophil production)
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13
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  1. The transient increase in circulating neutrophils in response to an infection
  2. Used to diagnose an infection
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14
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. Abundant, coarse, oval granules
  2. Major basic protein
  3. Eosinophilic or red granules
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15
Q

Eosinophils (Role in innate immunity)

A
  1. Phagocytose antigen-Ab complexes
  2. Modulate inflammatory responses
  3. Cytotoxic immersion of parasites
    ** Eosinophilia: helminth infections or allergic reactions**
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16
Q

Mast Cells (Histologic and Functional Features)

A
  1. Abundant large cytoplasmic granules
  2. May have shared lineage with basophils
  3. Sentinel cell
  4. Broadly distributed across various tissues
17
Q

Mast Cells (Activation)

A
  1. Chemicals (opioids)
  2. Antigen-X-linked IgE receptors

Granule Contents:
1. Histamine
2. Increased vascular flow
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Heparin (anti-coagulant)
5. Cytokines
6. Other signaling molecules

18
Q

Mast Cells (Allergic Reactions)

A
  1. B-cells generate and release IgE antibodies following primary exposure to allergen
  2. Mast Cells bind to the Fc portion of IgE Abs with VERY high affinity
  3. Subsequent allergen exposures lead to allergen binding to IgE on Mast Cells (receptor cross-linking)
  4. IgE-allergen binding induces release of Mast Cell granules
19
Q

Mast Cells (Anaphylactic Reactions)

A

Causes of Death:
1. Shock (hypotension)
2. Asphyxia (suffocation)

20
Q

Basophils

A
  1. Nucleus appears in two irregular lobes
  2. Large, prominent, basophilic specific granules
  3. Generally reside within the vasculature
21
Q

Basophils (Functional Features)

A
  1. considered ‘rare but potent’
  2. Can enter tissues to boost MC response
  3. Non-phagocytic
  4. Histamine increases blood vessel permeability and alters smooth muscle activity

Bisc 414 (21 decks)

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