Lecture 4

Question 1

First evidence of Smallpox

Answer 1

1. Vesicular skin lesions on the mummy of Ramses V
2. Died in Egypt in 1157 B.C.

Question 2

Early Observations of Immunity

Answer 2

Thucydides
1. Father of Scientific History
2. Observations of human behaviors during plagues and massacres

Question 3

Smallpox Control Strategies

Answer 3

1. 10th/11th century: Smallpox hospitals
2. 17th Century: Quarantine/ Isolation
3. 20th Century: Surveillance-Containment

Question 4

Variolation

Answer 4

NOT an ideal strategy
1. Fatality 2%
2. Variolated subjects became infectious

Question 5

Vaccination

Answer 5

Edward Jenner
1. Developed the first method of conferring lasting immunity to a major contagious disease

Question 6

Cowpox

Answer 6

1. Eruptive skin disease in cows
2. Transferred to handlers of cows
   Jenner documented 23 subjects inoculated with material from cowpox lesions that did not develop smallpox

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

Fowl Cholera
1. Induction of immunity with attenuated bacteria
2. Attenuated bacterial incolants termed vaccine

Question 8

Attenuated

Answer 8

1. Pathogen whose virulence has been weakened of inactivated
2. Heat, drying or chemical treatments
3. Loses its pathogenicity
4. Retains its immunogenicity

Question 9

Vaccine Strategy

Answer 9

Herd Immunity
1. A mostly immunized population will protect unimmunized
2. Reduces need for 100% immunization
3. Vulnerable populations (sick, elderly, infants)

Question 10

Targeted Immunization Population

Answer 10

1. Protects the MOST AT-RISK individuals
2. Can enhance herd immunity effect