Lecture 15

Question 1

PAMPS Composition

Answer 1

1. Proteins
2. DNA/RNA
3. Sugars
4. Lipids

Question 2

PAMPS Features

Answer 2

1. Distinct to the group of pathogens
2. Essential for the group of pathogens

Question 3

PRR Families

Answer 3

1. Toll-Like Receptors
2. C-Type Lectin Receptors
3. Retinoic Acid-inducible I-like Receptors
4. Nod-like Receptors

Question 4

Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)

Answer 4

1. Detect PAMPs from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
2. Detect DAMPs from damaged cells and tissues

Question 5

TLR Structure

Answer 5

1. Leucine-Rich Repeats
2. Single Transmembrane Domain
3. TIR Domain

Question 6

T1R Domains

Answer 6

Impact the specific adapters that are bound and activated

Question 7

ALL TLRs

Answer 7

Can activate the NF-kB and AP-1 factors

Question 8

Intracellular TLRs

Answer 8

Can induce IFNs
- paracrine AND autocrine signal of virally-infected cells

Question 9

C-Type Lectin Receptors

Answer 9

1. Can induce phagocytosis (opsonin receptors)
2. Pro-inflammatory signal transductions
3. Anti-inflammatory signal transductions

Question 10

CLR Downstream Signaling Pathways

Answer 10

1. NF-kB
2. AP-1

Question 11

Retinoic Acid-inducible I-like Receptors (RLR)

Answer 11

1. Cytosolic
2. Widely expressed

Question 12

RLR

Answer 12

1. detects viral RNA
   
   • dsRNA
2. Induces synthesis and secretion of
   - interferon-a
   - interferon-b
   Generally secretes:
3. antimicrobials
4. chemokines
5. pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 13

Nod-Like Receptors (NLR)

Answer 13

1. Cytosolic
2. Activated by intracellular PAMPs
3. Activated by bacterial DAMPs and other harmful substances

Question 14

Interleukin-1 Family

Answer 14

1. Secreted by dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophage
2. Released by NK cells and epithelial cells

Question 15

IL-1

Answer 15

1. Secreted early in the innate response
2. Pro-inflammatory

Question 16

NLR: Inflammasome

Answer 16

1. Homotypic binding forms heptamer
2. Capase-1 positioned for auto-catalysis to active
3. Activated capase-1 dimers cleave pro-IL-1 isoforms

Question 17

Inflammasome

Answer 17

1. Heptamer
2. Requires Ligand Binding
3. Pro-Caspase-1 is ACTIVATED
   a. IL-1b is then ACTIVATED
   b. IL-18 is the ACTIVATED
   c. gasdermin is ACTIVATED

Question 18

Gasdermin

Answer 18

Pore-forming
- causes membrane damage and lytic cell death

Question 19

Apoptosis

Answer 19

1. Requires caspase activation
2. Pore executioner protein: BAX/BAX
3. Nuclear condensation

Question 20

Pyroprotosis

Answer 20

1. Requires caspase activation
2. Pore executioner protein: GSDMD
3. Nuclear condensation
   
   • Cell Swelling
   • Membrane Rupture
4. Inflammatory nature

Question 21

Necroptosis

Answer 21

1. Does not recquire caspase activation
2. Pore executioner protein: MLKL
3. Cell Swelling and Membrane Rupture
4. Inflammatory Nature

Question 22

Acute Phase Response

Answer 22

Liver Hepatocytes respond to IL-1, TNFa. and IL-6 by secreting a profile of proteins

Question 23

Fever

Answer 23

Endogenous Pyrogens
IL-1 and IL-6

Question 24

Hyothalamus

Answer 24

Responds to IL-1 and IL-6 by increasing the bodies temperature set point