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Bisc 414 > Lecture 12+13 > Flashcards

Lecture 12+13 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling molecules of the immune system

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2
Q

Cytokines Function

A
  1. Cell Adhesion
  2. Cell Motility
  3. Enzymatic Activities
    Metabolic Enzymes
  4. Transcriptional Regulation
  5. Cell Proliferation
  6. Cell Survival/ Apoptosis
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3
Q

Chemokines

A

Cytokines that induce cell migration
Chemoattractants

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4
Q

Endocrine Action

A

Endocrine action –> Circulation –> Distant Cell

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5
Q

Endocrine Examples

A
  1. Erythropoietin
  2. GM-CSF
  3. G-CSF
  4. M-CSF
  5. Thrombopoietin
    CSF- Colony stimulation factors
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6
Q

Paracrine Action

A

Paracrine action –> Nearby Cell

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7
Q

Paracrine Examples

A
  1. Interferon signaling by virally-infected cells
  2. Leukocyte development in bone marrow niches
  3. DC direction of TH cell differentiation
    DC: Dendritic Cells
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8
Q

Autocrine Action

A

Autocrine cell –> Self-signaling

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9
Q

Autocrine Action

A

IL-2 self-signaling by Tc cells following activation by DCs

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10
Q

Primary Producers of Cytokines

A
  1. Macrophage
  2. Dendritic Cells
  3. TH Cells
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11
Q

Macrophage (Sentinel Cell)

A

Released cytokines communicate with
1. Vascular
2. Cooperating immune cells
(Neutrophils)
3. Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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12
Q

Macrophage Benefits

A
  1. Increase blood flow (leukocytes)
  2. Increase Vascular Permability
  3. Increase WBC attraction
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13
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Antigen presentation to and differentiation of T cells

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14
Q

Dendritic Cells Purpose

A
  1. Ability to assess the pathogen
  2. Persuades TH cells best fit to fight pathogen
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15
Q

XP Proliferation Receptors

A

IL-2R

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16
Q

XP Differentiation Receptors

A
  1. IL-4R
  2. IL-12R
  3. IL-17R
17
Q

TH1

A

Cell Mediated

18
Q

TH2

A

Humoral

19
Q

TH17

A

Inflammatory

20
Q

TH Cells

A

Coordinates immune responses

21
Q

TH1 Cells

A
  1. Induced by IL-12 and IFN-g
  2. Activates macrophage and TC cells
    APC licensing
  3. Promotes the cell-mediated immune response
22
Q

TH2 Cells

A
  1. Induced by IL-4 and IL-5
  2. Activates B-Cells
  3. Promotes the Humoral Immune Response
23
Q

TH17 Cells

A
  1. Induced by IL-17 and IL-23
  2. Activates macrophage and neutrophils
  3. Supports the inflammatory state/ innate response
24
Q

Secondary Producers of Cytokine Signaling

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Myeloid
  3. Granulocytes
  4. Monocytes
25
Q

Secondary Producers of Cytokine Signaling (2)

A
  1. Epithelial Cells
  2. Endothelial Cells
  3. Neurons
  4. Muscle Cells
  5. Connective Tissue Cells
26
Q

Six Families of Cytokines and Associated Receptors

A
  1. Interleukin-1 Family
  2. Hematopoietin Family (Class I Cytokine)
  3. Interferon Family (Class II Cytokine)
  4. Tumor Necrosis Factor Family
  5. Interleukin-17 Family
  6. Chemokines
27
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Family

A
  1. Secreted by dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophage
  2. Secreted early in the innate response
  3. Generally pro-inflammatory
28
Q

IL-1 Major Players

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa (alpha)

29
Q

IL-1 Receptors

A
  1. Immunoglobulin Superfamily
  2. Heterodimer of IL-1R1, IL-1RAcP 3. IL-1RI
    • functional arm of the heterodimer
    • activated by either IL-1a or IL-1b
  3. IL-1RAcP
    • NO signaling activity on its own
    • promotes Il-1RI binding/signaling
30
Q

IL-1: Pro-inflammatory Response

A
  1. Vascular Endothelial Cells
    - increased vascular permeability
    - increased neutrophil adhesion
  2. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
    • increased local blood flow
31
Q

IL-1 Receptor Inhibitor (Turns Off)

A
  1. Inhibitory Ligands
  2. Inhibitory (‘Decoy’) Receptors
32
Q

Inhibitory Ligands

A

IL-1Ra: ligand competition

33
Q

Inhibitory (‘Decoy’) Receptors

A
  1. IL-1RII: binding but NO transduction
  2. sIL-1RII: buffers IL-1 abundance
  3. sIL-1RAcP: buffers IL-1 abundance
34
Q

Hematopoietin Family

A
  1. Many contribute to regulating hematopoiesis
  2. Others moderate key B-Cell and T-Cell development steps
35
Q

Hematopoietin Family

A

Class I is a historical reference to the discovery of its earliest members

36
Q

Cytokine Structure

A

Four-helix bundle motif

37
Q

Four Anti-Parallel a- helices

A
  1. IL-2, -3, -4: Short helices (8-10 amino acids)
  2. IL-6,-12: Long helices (10-20 amino acids)

Bisc 414 (21 decks)

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