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Biology 107 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

A

Origin of mitochondria and chloroplast, arose from a primitive bacteria living inside a primitive eukaryote

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2
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Membrane bound organelles that arose from infolding of membrane and are connected via vesicles

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Not technically part of endomembrane system, stores DNA as multiple linear chromosomes

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4
Q

Inner Nuclear Membrane

A

Inner membrane of the nucleus

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5
Q

Outer Nuclear Membrane

A

Outer membrane of the nucleus, continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex

A

Transmembrane protein that spans both inner and outer nuclear membrane, provides a non-selective pore for most small molecules

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA transcription and ribosomal unit assembly

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8
Q

Ribosomal Subunit

A

Associated with unique rRNA’s, packaged with rRNA at nucleolus

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9
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Created to protect nucleus from Oxygen, consists of both nuclear membranes

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms a chromosome, organizes and protects DNA

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11
Q

Nucleosome

A

A section of DNA wrapped around a histone octomer, attached by positive-negative interactions

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12
Q

Histone Octomer

A

Composed of several positively charged proteins, 2 of each H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

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13
Q

Solenoid/30 nm fibre

A

Nucleosomes stack with help of histones (H1)

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14
Q

Looped Domains

A

30 nm fibre loops off non-histone scaffolding proteins

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15
Q

Mitotic Chromosome

A

DNA in its fully condensed form

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Enzymes of translation (catalyze peptide bonds)

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17
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Where proteins destined for within the endomembrane system or secretion are translated on bound ribosomes, also responsible for protein quality control (chaperones are found here)

18
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for translating proteins destined for secretion or use within the endomembrane system

19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Responsible for ion storage (Ca2+), phospholipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and alcohol

20
Q

Cis Golgi

A

Receives cargo from endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles

21
Q

Medial Golgi

A

Sorts and modifies cargo

22
Q

Trans Golgi

A

Sorts cargo into various destinations within endomembrane system, mostly the lysosome or plasma membrane

23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes/packages lipid and protein molecules, made up of approximately 20 cisternae

24
Q

Vesicle Trafficking

A

Within golgi, cargo is transported between cisternae in vesicles

25
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened, membrane bound sacs

26
Q

Cisternal Maturation

A

Within golgi, cargo is transported as cisternae mature, i.e. new vesicles form a new cis golgi, the old cis golgi becomes a new medial golgi, the old medial golgi becomes a new trans golgi, and the old trans golgi vesiculates

27
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle responsible for digestion of molecules received from endocytosis

28
Q

Hydrolytic Enzymes

A

Enzymes found within lysosome and that function only at a pH of 5

29
Q

Autophagy

A

Self-eating, can be a response to extensive cell damage

30
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibres extending through cytoplasm, responsible for cell support, motility and shape

31
Q

Microtubules

A

Responsible for compression resistance and movement within the cell, composed of tubulin dimers which form protofilaments and are then bundled into microtubules

32
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Change shape with ATP hydrolysis and generate force

33
Q

Eukaryotic Flagellum

A

Whiplike movement, powered by ATP hydrolysis, membrane bound, force generated by dynein

34
Q

Kinesin

A

Positive end directed motor protein, hand over hand (monkey bar) movement

35
Q

Dynein

A

Negative end directed motor protein

36
Q

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

A

Polymer of actin monomers forming a twisted rope, responsible for tension resistance and movement

37
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of muscle

38
Q

Myosin

A

Motor molecule, has 2 actin binding heads and moves using a hopping motion

39
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

Maintains structure of nucleus, found on inside of inner membrane

40
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Rope-like polymers formed by many different monomers, not very dynamic (no motor proteins associated), used for tension resistance

41
Q

Laminin

A

Forms the nuclear lamina, provides shape to nucleus, sits on inner face of inner nuclear membrane

Biology 107 (12 decks)

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