Lecture 2

Question 1

Polarity

Answer 1

The unequal distribution of electrons across a covalent bond

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

Single building block of molecules

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Chain of similar or identical subunits

Question 4

Synthesis (Condensation) Reaction

Answer 4

Formation of a covalent bond between monomers, energy is required, water is a product

Question 5

Breakdown (Hydrolysis) Reaction

Answer 5

Breaking of covalent bonds between monomers, energy is released, water is a reactant

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Responsible for energy storage, cell structure, and cell-cell recognition

Question 7

Disaccharide

Answer 7

Formed by a covalent bond between monosaccharides

Question 8

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 8

Covalent bond joining a carbohydrate to another carbohydrate

Question 9

Polysaccharide

Answer 9

Long chain of repeating units, held together by glycosidic bonds

Question 10

Starch

Answer 10

Energy storage in plants, nutritional polysaccharide, polymer of alpha glucose, alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 11

Glycogen

Answer 11

Energy storage in animals, nutritional polysaccharide, polymer of alpha glucose, alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds, highly branched

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

Structural polysaccharide in plants, polymer of beta glucose, beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 13

Chitin

Answer 13

Structural polysaccharide in insects, creates exoskeleton

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Not true polymers (not made up of a single unit), hydrophobic and non-polar

Question 15

Fatty Acids

Answer 15

Single hydrocarbon chain, 16-18 carbons long, can esterify to a 3 carbon glycerol backbone

Question 16

Fats

Answer 16

Energy storage and insulation, formed by 3 fatty acids attached to a 3 carbon glycerol backbone

Question 17

Saturated Fat

Answer 17

No carbon carbon double bond, solid at room temperature, e.g. animal fat

Question 18

Unsaturated Fat

Answer 18

Carbon carbon double bond forms ‘kink’ in fatty acid tail, liquid at room temperature, e.g. plant fat

Question 19

Trans Fat

Answer 19

Carbon carbon double bond present, yet no kink in chain

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

Structural component of plasma membrane, 2 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol backbone, but with a phosphate head attached to third carbon

Question 21

Steroids

Answer 21

Class of lipids based on cholesterol, used for hormones and membrane integrity

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

Polymers of amino acids, held together by peptide bonds

Question 23

Primary Structure

Answer 23

First degree of protein folding, determined by DNA sequence

Question 24

Secondary Structure

Answer 24

Second degree of protein folding, driven by R group interactions, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 25

Tertiary Structure

Answer 25

Third degree of protein folding, driven by hydrophobic R groups, stabilized by R group interactions

Question 26

Quaternary Structure

Answer 26

Optional, some proteins form multi-subunit complexes (more complex structures), driven by same forces as tertiary structure

Question 27

Chaperones

Answer 27

Proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins, or that target mis-folded proteins for degradation

Question 28

Nucleic Acids

Answer 28

Store and transmit hereditary information (RNA/DNA)

Question 29

DNA

Answer 29

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

Polymer of ribonucleotides

Question 31

Pyrimidine

Answer 31

Single ring nitrogenous base, e.g. Uracil, Cytosine, Thymine

Question 32

Purine

Answer 32

Double ring nitrogenous base, e.g. Adenine, Guanine

Question 33

Phosphodiester Bond

Answer 33

Covalent bonds joining nucleotides

Question 34

Directionality

Answer 34

End to end chemical orientation, Amino to Carboxylique Terminal in proteins (N to C) or 5 to 3 in DNA (Carbon 5’s phosphate to Carbon 3’s OH)