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Biology 107 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unidirectional

A

Information can only go in one direction

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2
Q

Gene

A

A region of DNA that is transcribed and has a function in the cell

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3
Q

Promoter

A

Site of RNA polymerase assembly, DNA sequence that determines start of gene, no promoter means no gene

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4
Q

TATA Box

A

AT rich sequence found 10 base pairs before transcription start

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5
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins that recognize and bind the TATA box, can read DNA, recruits RNA polymerase because RNA pol can’t identify promoter on its own

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6
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

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7
Q

Template Strand

A

Used in transcription, runs 3’ to 5’ away from promoter

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8
Q

Coding Strand

A

Complementary and antiparallel to template, runs 5’ to 3’ away from promoter, not used in transcription

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9
Q

Transcript

A

mRNA product

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10
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme of transcription, part of a transcription initiation complex that assembles at the promoter, can open DNA into a transcription bubble

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11
Q

UTR

A

Untranslated region, space on RNA either before translation start or after translation stop

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12
Q

Elongation

A

Occurs where RNA polymerase add nucleotides 5’ to 3’ and transcript is released out of complex

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13
Q

Post-transcriptional Processing

A

Eukaryotes only, occurs in nucleus, increase stability of transcript

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14
Q

meG Cap

A

Methylguanosine cap, modified base, forms a 5’ to 5’ linkage with eukaryotic mRNA to hide 5’ end from exonuclease digestion

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15
Q

PolyA Tail

A

Added to 3’ end of eukaryotic mRNA, delays exonuclease digestion and aids in translation initiation.

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16
Q

RNA Splicing

A

Removal of intervening sequences from coding region (introns)

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17
Q

Introns

A

Non-amino acid coding regions which contain intervening sequences found in a eukaryotes gene’s DNA but not in the mature mRNA

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18
Q

Exons

A

Amino acid coding regions which contain expressed sequences found in both a eukaryotes gene’s DNA and in the mature mRNA

19
Q

Spliceosome

A

Complex of snRNPs, enzyme of splicing

20
Q

snRNPs

A

Protein/RNA complexes (quaternary structure) which recognize sequences at intron/exon boundaries

21
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Mixing and matching of exons, makes similar but not identical proteins from same gene

22
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein

23
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides associated with an amino acid

24
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA, functional RNA, amino acid binding region and mRNA base pairing region (anticodon), carries appropriate amino acid to ribosome

25
Q

Anticodon

A

Antiparallel and complementary to mRNA codon

26
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

A

Enzyme that pairs correct amino acid based on anticodon sequence, covalently links amino acid to tRNA, energy from ATP hydrolysis

27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Catalyze peptide bonds

28
Q

Large Ribosomal Subunit

A

Contains rRNA and catalytic site

29
Q

Small Ribosomal Subunit

A

Contains rRNA and recognizes and binds RBS (reads mRNA)

30
Q

RBS

A

Ribosomal binding site, prokaryote only, sequence in mRNA that is recognized by base pairing with rRNA in small ribosomal subunit

31
Q

Formyl-methionine

A

Modified amino acid, unique to prokaryotes, first amino acid of protein synthesis (found on amino terminal)

32
Q

Bind

A

Charged tRNA approaches A site and binds to the mRNA (anticodon-codon base pairing)

33
Q

Bond

A

Peptide bond forms between amino acid chain attached to tRNA 1 and amino acid on tRNA 2, peptide chain transfers to tRNA 2

34
Q

Shift

A

Ribosome shifts down that mRNA (towards 3’ end) in a 1 codon step

35
Q

Mutagens

A

Mutation causing factors

36
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to sequence in DNA

37
Q

Base-pair Substitution

A

Mutation at the DNA level, replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair

38
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Mutation at the protein level, no change in primary amino acid sequence due to redundancy in genetic code

39
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Mutation at the protein level, encodes the wrong amino acid, MAY affect protein function

40
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Mutation at the protein level, premature stop codon, shortened protein, may affect protein structure

41
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Mutation at the protein level, single base pair addition or deletion that changes the reading frame of a protein

42
Q

Spontaneous Mutation

A

Error in copying of DNA sequence

43
Q

Induced Mutation

A

Exposure to mutagens

Biology 107 (12 decks)

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