Lecture 41 / 42 : Final Exam Structure + Immune System

Question 1

There will be a larger chunk of immunology material in MCQ in final exam!!!!

Answer 1

!!!!

Question 2

Written answer section:
15 marks = musculoskeletal, 1 MINI ESSAY
18 marks = neuroscience, 1 MINI ESSAY
12 marks = endocrinology and homeostasis
15 marks = immunology, 1 MINI ESSAY

Short answer question
One word / one sentence

Mini-essays
Similar to the examples in terms test

Answer 2

!!!

Question 3

Inflammatory Response: Stages

Answer 3

• Stood on splinter covered with pathogens
• Mast Cell + Macrophage secrete cytokines
• Neutrophils move out of blood through diapedesis and engulf pathogens
• Neutrophils have engulfed organisms and dead cells, accumulation of pus = dead neutrophils, etc.

Question 4

Acute phase reactants:

Answer 4

• Produced by liver in response to inflammatory cytokines (eg IL-1)
• Examples: C reactive protein (binds to bacteria and activates complement) + Haptoglobin (inhibits microbial iron uptake)

Question 5

Natural Killer Cells:

Answer 5

• Large granular cells resembling lymphocytes
• Help combat viral infections and cancer
• NK Cells produce: Toxic molecules that directly kill target cells (virus-infected cells or tumour cells)
• Cytokines that help other cells kill their targets

Question 6

Microbial cell wall components bind to receptors on insect cells:

Answer 6

• Toll receptors

Question 7

Toll-like Receptors can recognise ______ and bind to common ______ ______.

Answer 7

• Patterns

- Microbial Bacteria

Question 8

Bacterial and viral components trigger toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the _____ ______ or in vacuoles of white blood cells, eliciting signals that drive _______.

Answer 8

• Plasma membrane

- Inflammation

Question 9

6 Stages of Phagocytosis:

Answer 9

• 1. Pseudopopdia surround microbes (like giving a hug)
• 2. Mibrobes adhere to phagocyte and are engulfed
• 3. Ingestion of microbes into vacuoles
• 4. Fusion of vacuole and lysosome
• 5. Killing and digestion of microbe
• .6. Exocytosis

Question 10

Inside the phagocytes…

Answer 10

• Low pH
• Reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates
• Enzymes:
  Proteases
  Lipases
  Nucleases

Question 11

The Complement System:

Answer 11

• Made up of about 9 major proteins / protein complexes act in sequence to clear pathogens from blood and tissues
• Waterfall analogy = amplification of response
• Label pathogens (opsonisation)
• Recruit phagocytes (chemotaxis)
• Destroy pathogens (lysis)

Question 12

3 Complement Pathways

Answer 12

• Classical (antibody binds to pathogen, binds complement)
• Alternative (pathogen binds complement to surface / pathogen complement)
• Lectin

Question 13

Complement pathways converge into C3-_ and C3b, outcomes = ?

Answer 13

• Label, Destroy, Recruit

Question 14

3 Outcomes from the Complement Cascade:

Answer 14

• C3b (Label)
• C9 (Destroy)
• C3a and C5a (Recruit)

Question 15

Opsonisation = coating of a microbe with ______ and/or complement fragment C3b

Answer 15

• Antibody

Question 16

Recruitment = phagocytes attracted into site, mast cells ________

Answer 16

• Degranulated

Question 17

Destroy = microbes coated with C3b are _________. Assembly of MAC complex causes _____.

Answer 17

• Phagocytosed

- Lysis

Question 18

How can microbes be introduced into the body?

Answer 18

• Cuts, burns
• Mosquito bites
• Animal Bite
• Gut Mucosa
• Penetration of intact skin
• Respiratory Mucose

Question 19

Staphylococcus aureus is an infection of the ____.

Answer 19

• Skin

Question 20

How do microbes avoid innate immune responses?

Answer 20

• Make surface molecules that resist antimicrobial peptides
• Evade uptake by encasing in a slimy capsule
• Prevent fusion of phagosome with lysosome during phagocytosis
• Produce proteins that inhibit Interferon signalling