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HUBS 191💃✨ > Lecture 35: Thyroid Hormone / Parathyroid Hormone > Flashcards

Lecture 35: Thyroid Hormone / Parathyroid Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone (PIH) = ?

A
  • Dopamine
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2
Q

Prolactin itself is involved in it’s own ______ ______.

A
  • Negative Feedback
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3
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A
  • Just below the larynx
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4
Q

Thyroid gland structure:

A
  • Small sacs/follicles

- Each follicle is surrounded by follicular cells

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5
Q

Follicular cells make _______ and secrete it into the follicle.

A
  • Thyrogloubulin
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6
Q

Parafollicular cells make the hormone _____. It can sense how much _____ is in the blood.

A
  • Calcitonin (reduces blood calcium levels)

- Calcium

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7
Q

Iodine reacts with ______. Iodised ___ moves into the follicular cells. Thyroid hormones are released from _____.

A
  • Thyrogloubulin
  • TBG
  • iodised TBG
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8
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone (general):

A
  • Metabolic effects
  • Growth (developmental) effects
  • Via nuclear receptors that alter the transcription of genes.
  • BMR (basal metabolic rate)
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9
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?

A
  • Body’s rate of energy expenditure under basal conditions (person is awake, at phyical and mental rest, lying down, no muscle movement, at a comfortable temperate and fasted 12-18h)
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10
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone (metabolic):

A
  • Increased body heat production (inc oxygen consumption and ATP hydrolysis)
  • Stimulate fat mobilisation and oxidation of fatty acids in many tissues. Decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels.
  • Stimulate carbohydrate metabolism, enhance insulin-dependent entry of glucose into cells
  • Increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • Increased proteolysis. Predominantly from muscle
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11
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone (growth):

A
  • Growth retardation in thyroid deficiency

- Essential for development of fetal and neonatal brain (CNS)

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12
Q

What is Myxoedema?

A
  • Not enough TH (Hyposecretion)
  • Low metabolic rate
  • Weight gain
  • Cold intolerant
  • Lethargic
  • Slow heart rate
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13
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A
  • Hypersecretion of TH
  • High metabolic rate
  • Weight Loss
  • Heat intolerant
  • Nervoisness
  • Increased heart rate
  • Tissue Swelling
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14
Q

What is Simple Goitre and how is it caused?

A
  • Thyroid gland enlarges with continual stimulation by TSH (loss of negative feedback control as there is an inadequate concentration of iodine to make TH).
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15
Q

1% of calcium is in blood and tissues, in the plasma the reference range is…

A
  • 9.2 - 10.4 mg/mL
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16
Q

Osteoblasts put ______ in the form of hydroaxyapatite back into the bone.

A
  • Calcium
17
Q

Osteoclasts absorb ______ and put it back into the blood stream.

A
  • Calcium
18
Q

The importance of Calcitonin:

A
  • Need it to control calcium levels

- In children: osteoclasts liberate 5g of calcium every day

19
Q

When calcium levels decrease. _______ is secreted.

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
20
Q

Parathyroid hormones increase….

A
  • Osteoclast activity
  • Break down bone to increase calcium levels in blood
  • Reduce osteoblast activity
  • Less bone deposition (prevention of hydroxyapatite formation)
21
Q

Calcium regulation: PTH and Calcitonin:

A
  • PTH and Calcitonin have opposite effects on blood calcium concentration
  • Both act on bone (have receptors on bone cells) to bone breakdown (PTH) or bone formation (Calcitonin)
  • NOT involved with hypothalamus
22
Q

What happens when blood Ca2+ are low?

A
  • Hypocalcemia:
    Muscle tremors + spasms
    Begins as plasma Ca2+ concentration falls to 6mg/dL
    At 4mg/dL, larynx tightens, suffocation
23
Q

What causes hypocalcemia?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Thyroid tumors
  • Underactive parathyroid glands
  • Pregnancy
24
Q

What effects does hypercalcemia have?

A
  • Nerve and muscle tissue are less excitable
25
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Soft bone
  • Excess PTH secretion
  • Raises the blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions
  • Promotes formation of kidney stones composed of calcium

HUBS 191💃✨ (39 decks)

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