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Microbiology > Lecture 4 Viruses and other Acellular infectious agents > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Viruses and other Acellular infectious agents Flashcards

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1
Q

Acellular Agents

A

viruses, Viroids, Satellites, Prions

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2
Q

Type of acellular agent that is protein and nucleic acid

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Type of Acellular agent that is only RNA

A

Viroids

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4
Q

Type of Acellular agent that is only nucleic acids

A

Satellites

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5
Q

Type of acellular agent that is only proteins

A

Prions

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6
Q

Viruses are a major cause of _____

A

disease

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7
Q

Viruses are important members of ____ world

A

aquatic

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8
Q

Are viruses important in evolution

A

yes

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9
Q

Viruses are important ____ systems in molecular biology

A

model

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10
Q

Bacterial viruses are called ______

A

bacteriophages (phages)

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11
Q

There are ___ archaeal viruses

A

few

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12
Q

Most viruses are ____ viruses

A

eukaryotic (plants, animals, protists, and fungi)

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13
Q

Viruses are classified into families based on

A

genome, structure, life cycle, morphology, genetic relatedness

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14
Q

a complete virus particle is called a ____

A

virion

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15
Q

General Properties of Viruses

A
  • a complete virus particle
  • consists of greater than or equal to 1 molecule of DNA or RNA enclosed in coat of protein
  • May have additional layers
  • cannot reproduce independent of living cells nor carry out cell division (but can exist extracellularly)
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16
Q

A virion size range is about ______ nm in diameter and most viruses must be viewed with an _____-

A

10-400 nanometers, electron microscope

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17
Q

All virions contain a _____ which is composed of ______ and a ______

A

nucleocapsid, which is composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid)

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18
Q

What are the protein subunits of a virion capsid called

A

capsomeres

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19
Q

All Virion structure

A
  • Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) (Single or double stranded)

- Capsid (Protein coat) (Protein subunits= Capsomeres)

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20
Q

All virions contain a nucleocapsid which is composed of ____ and a _____ but some consist only of a nucleocapsid, others have additional components called ____

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein coat (capsid), Envelopes

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21
Q

The enveloped that surrounds the nucleocapsid of viruses usually has viral proteins called ____ inserted into it

A

spikes

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22
Q

What are the three types of capsid symmetry

A
  • helical
  • icosahedral
  • complex
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23
Q

The envelope that surrounds some viruses is composed of

A

combination of lipids and carbohydrates , and proteins

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24
Q

Envelope lipids and carbohydrates are acquired from the ____. while envelope proteins are coded for by _____ and may even project form the envelope surface as ____

A

host, viral genes, spikes (also called peplomers)

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25
Q

What is the function of envelope spikes (peplomers)

A

attachement to host cell surface

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26
Q

General Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • Obligatory intracellular parasites
  • Contain DNA or RNA
  • Contain a protein coat (note that the DNA/RNA and protein coat make up the nucleocapsid present in all viruses)
  • Some are enclosed by an envelope
  • Some viruses have spikes
  • Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host
  • Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
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27
Q

Large macromolecular structures which serve as protein coat of virus

A

Capsids

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28
Q

Functions of virus capsid

A

Protect viral genetic material and aids in its transfer between host cells

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29
Q

Virus Capsids are made of protein subunits called

A

protomers or capsomeres

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30
Q

Viruses are classified by ___-

A

morphology

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31
Q

examples of viruses classified by morphology

A
  • helical viruses
  • polyhedral viruses
  • Enveloped Viruses
  • Complex viruses
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32
Q

Viruses shaped like hollow tubes with protein walls

A

Helical Capsids

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33
Q

In helical capsids ____ self assemble

A

protomers

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34
Q

In helical capsids the size of the capsid is a function of ______

A

nucleic acid

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35
Q

Examples of helical viruses

A
  • Rabies

- Ebola hemorrhagic feber

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36
Q

a _____ is a regular polyhedron with 20 equilateral faces and 12 vertices

A

icosahedron

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37
Q

An icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with ____ equilateral faces and ___ vertices

A

20, 12

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38
Q

______ are the most efficient way to enclose a space

A

Icosahedral capsids

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39
Q

Icosahedral capsids are composed of ____, which are ring or knob-shaped units, each usually 5 or 6 protomers

A

Capsomers

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40
Q

5 subunit capsomers are called

A

Pentamers (pentons)

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41
Q

6 subunit capsomers are called

A

Hexamers (hexons)

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42
Q

Pentamers are usually at the ____ of the icosahedron, whereas hexameters generally form its ____ and ____

A

vertices, edges and triangular faces

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43
Q

Example of polyhedral virus

A
  • Adenovirus

- Poliovirus

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44
Q

what is the largest animal virus

A

poxvirus

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45
Q

Viruses that do not fit into the category of helical or icohedral capsids are called

A

Capsids of complex symmetry

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46
Q

Examples of complex viruses

A
  • Poxvirus

- Large bacteriophages

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47
Q

some Large bacteriophages have ____ symmetry

A

binal (head resembles icosahedral, tail is helical)

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48
Q

many viruses are bound by an outer, flexible, membranous layer called the ____

A

envelope

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49
Q

Animal virus envelopes (lipids and carbohydrates) usually arise from

A

host cell plasma or nuclear membranes

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50
Q

Examples of enveloped viruses

A
  • Influenza virus
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • rabies
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51
Q

Envelope proteins, which are viral encoded, may project from the envelope surface as ____/____

A

spikes/peplomers

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52
Q

functions of envelope protein, spikes/peplomers?

A
  • involved in viral attachment to host cell
  • used for identification of virus
  • may have enzymatic or other activity
  • may play role in nucleic acid replication
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53
Q

The influenza virus has spikes that consist of enzyme ________, which functions in the release of mature virions from the host cell

A

Neuraminidase

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54
Q

The influenza virus has spikes that consist of _____ proteins, so named because they bind virions to red blood cells and cause the cells to clump together- a process called ______

A

hemagglutinin, hemagglutination

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55
Q

Do virions have a variety of enzymes

A

yes

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56
Q

Some other virus enzymes are associated with the ____ or ____ but most are within the _____

A

envelope or capsid, but most are within the capsid

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57
Q

Characteristics of the viral genome

A
  • Diverse nature of genomes
  • a virus may have single or double stranded DNA or RNA
  • The length of the nucleic acid also varies form virus to virus
  • Genomes can be segmented or circular
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58
Q

What is the first step in the life cycle of a virus

A

attachment (often called absorption)

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59
Q

Steps of animal viruses life cycle

A
  • Attachement: viruses attach to cell membrane
  • Penetration/Entry: Endocytosis or fusion
  • Uncoating: viral or host enzymes
  • Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid
  • Maturation: Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble
  • Release: by buddying (enveloped viruses) or rupture (lysis)
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60
Q

HIV binds to what two proteins on human cells

A

CD4 and CCR5

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61
Q

attachement (adsorption) of virus is ____ specific

A

receptor

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62
Q

The receptor determines host preference for attachment (adsorption) of virus: may be ______, _______, _____, ____

A

may be specific tissue, may be more than one host, may be more than one receptor, maybe in lipid rafts providing entry of virus

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63
Q

after attachment to the host cell, the virus’s ____ or the entire ____ enter the cytoplasm

A

genome or entire nucleocapsid

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64
Q

Viral entry and uncoating varies between ___ or ____ virus

A

naked or enveloped

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65
Q

What are the 3 methods of viral entry and uncoating

A
  • fusion of the viral envelope with host membrane; nucleocapsid enters
  • endocytosis in vesicle; endosome (and endosomal enzymes) aid in viral uncoating
  • Injection of nucleic acid
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66
Q

RNA virus must carry in or synthesize the _____ proteins necessary to complete synthesis

A

proteins

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67
Q

___ proteins are important in the assembly phase of the virus life cycle

A

late

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68
Q

The ____,___, and ___ of the of a bacteriophage T4 are assembled separately.

A

baseplate, tail fibers, and head components

69
Q

for many viruses, so-called “virus factories” are generated. These are large ______ of either complete nucleocapsids or procapsids

A

paracrystalline clusters

70
Q

nonenveloped viruses ___ the host cell for release

A

lyse

71
Q

during the release of non enveloped viruses viral proteins may attack ____ or ____

A

peptidoglycan or membrane

72
Q

Lysozyme function in non enveloped viruses

A

attacks peptidoglycan in the host’s cell wall

73
Q

What is the function of holin in non-enveloped viruses

A

creates holes in plasma membrane, thus enabling virus to move from the cytoplasm to the peptidoglycan

74
Q

Enveloped viruses are released via

A

budding

75
Q

Explain enveloped viruses being released via budding

A
  • viral proteins are placed into host membrane
  • nucleocapsid may bind to viral proteins
  • envelope derived from host cell membrane, but may be Golgi, ER, or other
  • Virus may use host actin tails to propel through host membrane
76
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of single stranded DNA

A

Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus

77
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of double stranded DNA

A
  • Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus

- Viral enzyme transcribes viral DNA in virion, in cytoplasm

78
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis ofDNA, reverse transcriptase

A
  • Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus; reverse transcriptase copies mRNA to make viral DNA
79
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of RNA, + strand

A

Viral RNA functions as a template for synthesis of RNA synthesis of RNA polymerase which copies- strand RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm

80
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of RNA, - strand

A

Viral enzymes copies viral RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm

81
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of RNA, double-stranded

A

Viral enzyme copies - strand RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm

82
Q

Special features of Biosynthesis of RNA, Reverse transcriptase

A

Viral enzyme copies viral RNA to make DNA in cytoplasm; DNA moves to nucleus

83
Q

Parvovirdae is what type of viral nucleic acid

A

DNA, single-stranded

84
Q

Herpesviridae, papovavidae, and poxviridae are what type of viral nucleic acid

A

DNA, Double-stranded

85
Q

Hepadnaviridae is what type of viral nucleic acid

A

DNA, reverse transcriptase

86
Q

Picornaviridae and Togaviridae are what type of viral nucleic acid

A

RNA, + strand

87
Q

Rhabdoviridae is what type of viral nucleic acid

A

RNA, - strand

88
Q

Reoviridae is what type of viral nucleic acid

A

RNA, double stranded

89
Q

Retroviridae is what type of viral nucleic acid

A

RNA, reverse transcriptase

90
Q

lack of information on ___ and ____ history makes viral classification difficult

A

origin and evolutionary

91
Q

A uniform classification system for virus taxonomy was developed in 1971 by the

A

Internal committee for Taxonomy of viruses (ICTV)

92
Q

Most current reports their are _____ viruses, ___ orders, ____ families, ___ subfamilies, and ____ genera

A

2,000, 6, 87, 19, 349

93
Q

Virus classification according to internal committee for taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) is based on numerous characteristics such as

A
  • nucleic acid type
  • presence or absence of envelope
  • Capsid symmetry
  • Dimensions of virion and capsid
94
Q

The alternative virus classification scheme was created by ____ and focuses on

A

David Baltimore, focuses on viral genome and process used to synthesize viral mRNA

95
Q

The baltimore classification system is based on ___ life cycles groups based on, which are

A

7

  • double stranded (ds) DNA
  • Single stranded (ss) DNA
  • dsRNA
  • ssRNA (+ or - strand)
  • retrovirus
96
Q

Viral DNA can be integrated into a host cell chromosome as a provirus by _____

A

viral integrase

97
Q

What is a provirus

A

A stage in a retrovirus life cycle when viral DNA is integrated into a host cell chromosome by viral integrase

98
Q

Bacteriophages can with be _____ or _____

A

virulent or temperate

99
Q

Virulent phages only have one reproductive option which is

A

begin multiplying immediately upon entering its bacterial host, followed by release form the host by lysis

100
Q

T4 is an example of a _____ phage

A

virulent

101
Q

Temperate phages have two reproductive options which are

A
  • they can multiply like a virulent phage and lyse the host cell
  • or they can remain within the host without destroying it
102
Q

The relationship between a temperate phage and its host is called

A

lysogeny

103
Q

Lysogenic bacteria reproduce and in most other ways appear to be normal. however, they have two distinct characteristic, which are

A
  • they cannot be reinffected by the same virus, that is they have immunity to superinfection
  • as they reproduce, the prophage is replicated and inherited by progeny cells
104
Q

Many temperate phages integrate their genome into host genome (becoming _____ in a ______) in a relationship called lysogeny

A

Prophage, lysogenic bacterium

105
Q

what are the two advantages to lysogeny for virus

A
  • phage remains viable but may not replicate

- multiplicity of infection ensures survival of host cell

106
Q

under appropriate conditions infected bacteria will lyse and release temperate phage particles. This occurs when conditions in the cell cause the prophage to initiate synthesis of new phage particles , a process called ____

A

conditions in the cell cause the prophage to initiate synthesis of new phage particles , a process called induction

107
Q

Temperate phage changes ______ of its host. Phage may express ____ or ___

A

phenotype, pathogenic toxin or enzyme

108
Q

most archaeal viruses are ____

A

temperate

109
Q

Archaeal viruses can be ___ or __-

A

lytic or temperate

110
Q

______ infection results in cell death through lysis

A

cytocidal

111
Q

____ infections may last years

A

persistent

112
Q

Cytopathic effects (CPEs)

A
  • degenerative changes

- abnormalities

113
Q

a slow release of virus without cell death is caused by ___ infection

A

chronic viral infection

114
Q

activation of host proto-oncogene (human) or insertion of oncogene (other animals) can lead to

A

transformation into malignant cell

115
Q

Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long period is called ____ infection

A

latent infection

116
Q

Examples of latent infection

A

Cold sores, shingles

117
Q

in ____ viral infections disease process occurs over a long period; generally is fatal

A

Chronic viral infection

118
Q

examples of chronic viral infection

A

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles virus)

119
Q

abnormal new cell growth and reproduction due to loss of regulation

A

neoplasia

120
Q

reversion of cell to a more primitive or less differentiated state

A

anaplasia

121
Q

___ tumors remain in place

A

benign

122
Q

Growth or lump of tissue

A

tumor

123
Q

Spread of cancerous cells throughout body

A

Metastasis

124
Q

carcinogenesis is a complex, ____ process, that often involves ____

A

multistep process, often involves oncogenes

125
Q

oncogenes may come from the virus or may be transformed

A

host proto-oncogenes (involved in normal regulation of cell growth/differentiation)

126
Q

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) causes what kind of cancer

A

Several, including Kapok’s sarcoma

127
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes what kind of cancer

A

Several, including Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

128
Q

Hepatitis B virus causes what kind of cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

129
Q

Hepatitis C virus causes what kind of cancer

A

Liver cancer

130
Q

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) strains 6, 11, 16, and 18 cause what kind of cancer

A

Cervical cancer

131
Q

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) causes what kind of cancer

A

T-Cell leukemia

132
Q

Possible mechanisms by which viruses cause cancer

A
  • Viral proteins bind host cell tumor suppressor proteins
  • Carry oncogene into cell and insert it into host genome
  • Altered cell regulation
  • Insertion of promotor or enhancer next to cellular oncogene
133
Q

The cultivation of viruses requires _____ of appropriate living host

A

inovulation

134
Q

Bacterial and Archaeal viruses are usually cultivated in ___ or ____ cultures of suitable, young, actively growing bacteria

A
  • broth

- agar

135
Q

Broth cultures lose ____ as viruses reproduce

A

turbidity

136
Q

____ are observed on agar cultures

A

Plaques

137
Q

Animal viruses are cultivated using ____ cultures

A

Tissue (Cell)

138
Q

Localized area of cellular destruction and lysis that enlarges as the virus replicates (on tissue (cell) culture)

A

Viral plaques

139
Q

Microscopic or macroscopic degenerative changes or abnormalities in host cells and tissues

A

Cytopathic effects (CPEs)

140
Q

Hosts for plant viruses

A
  • Plant tissue cultures
  • Plant protoplast cultures
  • Suitable whole plants
141
Q

Plant viruses in suitable whole plants may cause ____ lesions or ______

A

localized necrotic lesions or generalized symptoms of infection

142
Q

How to quantify virus on culture

A
  • direct counting- count viral particles

- Indirect counting by an observation of virus- hemagglutination assay and plaque assays

143
Q

PFU/ml=

A

number of plaques/sample dilution

144
Q

explain plaque assays

A
  • indirect assay that determines virion numbers based on their infectivity.
  • dilutions of virus preparation are made and planted on lawn of host cells. Then the plaques are counted. results expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU)
  • PFU/ml = number of plaques/sample dilution
145
Q

what does a high multiplicity of infection mean (MOI)

A

more phages in an environment than there are host cells

146
Q

In plaque assays when the multiplicity of infection (MOI) is very low, each plaque in a layer of host cells is assumed

A

to have arisen from the multiplication of a single virion

147
Q

The ____ dose is the dilution that contains a concentration (dose) of virions large enough to destroy 50% of the host cells or organisms

A

lethal dose (LD50)

148
Q

The _____ dose is the dose that causes 50% of the host organisms to become infected

A

infectious dose (ID50)

149
Q

____ are covalently closed, circular ssRNAs, about 250 to 370 nucleotides long

A

Viroids

150
Q

Viroids replicate by a host cell enzyme called ________

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

151
Q

Viroids cause ____ disease

A

plant

152
Q

Do viroids encode gene products

A

No!!!

153
Q

some data suggest that viroids cause disease by triggering a eukaryotic response called _____, which normally functions to protect against infection by darn viruses

A

RNA silencing

154
Q

Infectious nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

A

infectious nucleic acids

155
Q

Satellite viruses encode their own _____ proteins when helped by a ____ virus

A

capsid, helper

156
Q

Satellite RNAs/DNAs do not encode their own ______

A

capsid proteins

157
Q

satellites differ from viroids in that they

A
  • may encode one or more gene products

- need a helper virus to replicate and infect host cells

158
Q

satellites are divided into what three types

A

Satellite viruses, Satellite RNAs, and satellite DNAs

159
Q

Satellite viruses encode their own ______, whereas satellite RNAs and DNAs do not

A

capsid proteins

160
Q

Human Hepatitis D virus is a _____ and requires ______ as a helper virus for replication

A

human hepatitis D virus is a satellite and requires Human hepatitis B virus as a helper virus for replication

161
Q

Proteinaceous infectious particle

A

Prions

162
Q

Examples of prions

A
  • Scrapie in sheep
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD) in humans
  • Kuru in humans
163
Q

priions cause a variety of

A

degenerative diseases in humans and animals

164
Q

PrP^c stands for

A

prion protein in normal form

165
Q

PrP^Sc stands for

A

(scrapie-associated) prion protein in the abnormal form

166
Q

All prion caused diseases have ____ effective treatment, and result in

A

No effective treatment, and result in progressive degeneration of the brain and eventual death

167
Q

Interaction of PrP^Sc with PrP^c may cause PrP^c to ____ and ____

A

crosslink and trigger apoptosis

168
Q

What distinguishes a chronic viral infection from a latent viral infection?

A

The infectious virus gradually builds up over a long period of time

Microbiology (16 decks)

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