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Microbiology > Lecture 12: Normal Microbiota and the Host > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Normal Microbiota and the Host Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Normal Microbiota _____ colonize the host

A

permanently

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2
Q

Transient microbiota may present in host for

A

days, weeks, or months

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3
Q

The relationship between nomral microbiota and the host

A

symbiosis

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4
Q

An association of two or more different species of organisms

A

symbiosis

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5
Q

Physical contact between dissimilar organisms

A

Symbiont

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6
Q

What is commensalism

A

An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

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7
Q

What is mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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8
Q

What is parasitism

A

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

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9
Q

Microbial antagonism is a ____ between microbes

A

competition

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10
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by:

A
  • Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
  • Producing acids
  • Producing bacteriocins
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11
Q

What is a Microbiome

A
  • All the genes of the host and the microbiota
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12
Q

Superorganisms

A
  • Emerge when the gene-encoded metabolic processes of the host become integrated with those of the microbe
  • a blend of host and microbial traits where host and microbial cells cometabolize various substrates, resulting in unique products
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13
Q

Germfree animals can be used

A
  • can be used to study effects of microbes on animal health by
    • comparing gerfree animals to normal animals
    • introducing a single microbe to the germfree animal and observing effects
  • Can be coupled with genomic studies for maximum benefits
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14
Q

What are Germfree animals produced

A
  • Cesarean section, raised in sterility
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15
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project

A
  • Attempt to define ‘normal’ populations of microbes in and on human beings
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16
Q

as of 2012 the human microbiome project had genome reference collection for ___ microorganisms (out of an anticipated 900) obtained

A

178

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17
Q

What are the reasons to study Normal Human Microbiota

A
  • To gain insight into possible infections resulting from injury
  • To understand causes and consequences of overgrowth of microbes normally absent from a body site
  • To increase awareness of role played by indigenous microbe in stimulating immune responses
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18
Q

Bifidobacteria is found in

A
  • breast fed babies
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19
Q

What is Protrophic

A
  • can synthesize all amino acids and growth factors from simple carbohydrates
20
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by

A
  • competing with pathogens or altering the environment
    • occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
    • Producing acids
    • Producing bacteriocins
21
Q

Probiotics

A
  • Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
22
Q

Members of normal microbiota that produce disease under certain circumstances

A

Opportunistic pathogens

23
Q

Debiliated host with lowered resistance to infection

A

Compromised host

24
Q

Normal Microbiota of the skin

A
  • Mechanically strong barrier
  • Inhospitable environment
    • slightly acidic pH
    • high concentration of NaCl
    • many areas low in moisture
  • Inhibitory substances (e.g., lysozyme)
  • mostly Gram-positive, salt tolerant bacteria
    • Staphylococci (ex. S. epidermis)
    • Micrococci (ex. M. luteus)
    • Diphtheroids
      • Aerobes on surface
        • Corynebacterium xerosis
      • Anaerobes in hair follicles
        • Propionibacterium acnes
  • a few gram-negative organisms (ex. Acinetobacter)
  • grow on oils
    • yeast
      • ex. Malassezia furfur
25
Q

Anaerobes in hair follicles

A

Propionibacterium acnes

26
Q

is the bacteria on the skin gram positive or gram negative

A

mostly gram positive with a few gram-negative organisms (ex. Acinetobacter)

27
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A
  • Caused in part by activities of Propionibacterium acnes
  • Sebum
    • fluid secreted by oil glands
    • accumulates, providing hospitable environment for P. acnes
  • Comedo
    • plug of sebum and keratin in duct of oil gland
    • results from inflammatory response to sebum accumulation
28
Q
A
29
Q

Normal Microbiota of the eye

A
  • From birth throughout a human life, small numbers of bacterial commensals are found on the conjunctiva of the eye
  • The predominant bacterium is Staphylococcus epidermis
30
Q

Normal microbiota of the external ear

A

similar to skin flora as well as fungi

31
Q

Normal Microbiota are responsible for dental caries examples:

A
  • S. mutans
  • Lactobacillus
32
Q

Normal Microbiota of the Mouth

A
  • Contains organisms that survive mechanical removal by adhering to gums and teeth
    • Contribute to formation of dental plaque, dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease
  • Within hours of birth, the oral cavity is colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment
  • Oral bacteria are responsible for dental caries (ex. S. mutans and Lactobacillus)
  • Suppress pathogens by competitive inhibition in upper respiratory system
33
Q

What two bacteria are found inside the nostrils

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • S. epidermis
34
Q

The Pharynx and trachea contina Gram____ bacteria:

A
  • gram positive bacteria
  • Staphylococci (ex. S. epidermis)
  • Micrococci (ex. M. luteus)
  • Diphtheroids
  • Streptococci (both alpha and beta-hemolytic
35
Q

Nasopharynx may contian low numbers of potentially pathogenic microbes such as

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • haemophilus influenza
  • Mycoplasmas
36
Q

Does the lower respiratory tract have a normal microbiota

A
  • No
  • Microbes moved by:
    • Continuous stream of mucous generated by ciliated epithelial cells
      • cilliary escalator
    • Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages
    • lysozyme in mucus
37
Q

Most microbes of the stomach are

A
  • killed by acidic conditions
    • some survive if pass through stomach very quickly
    • Some can survive if ingested in food particles
38
Q

Which part of the small intestine has the most microbes

A
  • The ileum
    • flora present becoming similar to that in colon
    • pH becomes more alkaline
39
Q

What has the largest microbial population in the body

A

The large intestine (colon)

40
Q

The microbial population of the large intestine (Colon) is eliminated from body by _____ but replaced rapidly by

A
  • peristalsis, desquamation, and movement of mucus
  • High reproductive rate
41
Q

most of the microbes in the large intestine (colon) are

A

anaerobes

42
Q

Microbes in the large intestine (colon)

A
  • E.coli
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
  • Lactobacillus
  • Enterococcus
  • Bifidobacterium
  • Enterobacter
  • Citrobacter
  • Proteus
  • Klebsiella
  • Candida (fungus)
43
Q

What parts of the genitourinary tract is normally free of microbes

A

Kidneys, ureter, and bladder

44
Q

Why is the female genital tract’s microbiota in a complex state of flux due to ______ with ______ predominating

A
  • menstrual cycle
  • Acid-tolerant lactobacilli
45
Q

_______ microbiota are predominant in the vagina

A
  • Lactobacilli
    • produce H2O2
    • ​Grow on glycogen secretions
46
Q

Urinary infection is indicated by

A
  • > 10,000 bacteria/mL
  • 100 coliforms/mL
  • Positive urine leukocyte esterase (LE) test
47
Q

The “extinction” of H. pylori is linked to several immune and metabolic disorders such as

A

Asthma, allergies, celiac disease, even acid reflux disease

Microbiology (16 decks)

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