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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Staphylo-

A

Clustered

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2
Q

cocci

A

Spherical

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3
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  • The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  • The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  • The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
  • The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the orginal organism
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4
Q

Treatment with chemical is ______

A

chemotherapy

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5
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be _____ drugs or antibiotics

A

Synthetic

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6
Q

_____ are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

A

antibiotics

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7
Q

Pleomorphic

A

multiple shapes

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8
Q

monomorphic

A

one shape

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9
Q

Spirillum

A

one or more twists

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10
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved rod

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11
Q

Spirochete

A

Flexible, helical spirals

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12
Q

Strepto-

A

Chains

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13
Q

Diplo-

A

pairs

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14
Q

Smaller cells have a _____ suface area/volume ratio

A

larger

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15
Q

An inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic enviroments

A

Gas Vacuole

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16
Q

_____ is an absolute requirments for all living organims

A

Plasma Membrane

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17
Q

Bacterial membranes lack ____

A

sterols (but can contain hopanoids, which are a sterol-like molecule)

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18
Q

Homologs of all ___ eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements have been identified in bacteria

A

3

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19
Q

FtsZ

A
  • (many bacteria)
  • Forms ring during septum formation in cell division
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20
Q

MreB

A
  • Found in bacilli, not cocci
  • Maintains shape but by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery
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21
Q

CreS

A
  • rare, maintains curve shape
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22
Q

Plasma membrane infolding is observed in

A
  • many photosynthetic bacteria
  • many bacteria with high respiratory activity
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23
Q

Types of Inclusions

A
  • Storage
  • Gas Vacuoles
  • Magnetosomes
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24
Q

Magnetosomes

A
  • found in aquatic bacteria
  • magnetitie particles (iron) or orientation in Earth’s magnetic field
  • Cytoskeletal protein MamK
    • helps form magnetosome chain
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25
Q

bactrial and archaea ribosome

A

70S

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26
Q

Eukaryotic ribosome

A

80S

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27
Q

Bacterial ribosome RNA

A
  • 16S small subunit
  • 23S and 5S in large subunit
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28
Q
A
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29
Q

plasmids

A
  • Extrachromosomal DNA
    • found in bacteria, arachaea, and some fungi
    • usually small, closed circular DNA molecules
  • Exist and replicate independently of chromosome
    • episomes- may integrate into chromosome
    • inherited during cell division
  • Contain few genes that are non-essential
    • Confer selective advantage to host (e.g. drug resistance)
  • Classification based on mode of existence, spread, and function
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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Function of conjugative plasmids

A
  • Transfer of DNA from one cell to another
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32
Q

R plasmids

A
  • Carry antibiotic-resistance genes
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33
Q

functions of Cell wall

A
  • Maintains shape of the bacterium
    • Almost all bacteria have one
  • Helps protect cell form osmotic lysis
  • Helps protect from toxic materials
  • May contribute to pathogenicity
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34
Q

Chains of peptidoglycan subunits are joined by ____ (covalent bonds) between the peptides

A

cross-links

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35
Q

Meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long strands

A
  • Two alternating sugars
    • N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
    • N-acetylmuramic acid
  • Alternating D- and L- amino acids (this is hooked on the NAM)
  • ends in D-alanine
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36
Q

Fucntions of teichoic acids

A
  • help maintain cell envelope
  • protect from environmental substances
  • May bind to host cells
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37
Q

Periplasmic space of gram positive bacteria

A
  • Lies between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that of Gram-negative bacteria
  • Periplasm has relatively few proteins
  • Enzymes secreted by Gram-positive bacterai are called exoenzymes
    • aid in degradation of large nutrients
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38
Q

What are enzymes secreted by Gram-positive bacteria called

A

exoenzymes

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39
Q

Outer membrane of gram negative cells is composed of

A
  • Lipids
  • lipoproteins
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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40
Q

_____ connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan in gram negative cell wall

A

Braun’s Lipoproteins

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41
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A
  • Lipid A (endotoxin)
  • Core polysaccharide
  • O side chain (O antigen)
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42
Q

Lipid A is embedded in the ______ while core polysaccharide O antigen chain ______

A

outer membrane, extend out from the cell

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43
Q

Importance of LPS

A
  • Contributes to negative charge on cellsurface
  • Helps stabilize outer membrane structure
  • may contribute to attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation
  • Creates a permeability barrier
  • Protection from host defenses (O antigen)
  • Can act as an endotoxin (lipid A)
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44
Q

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is more permable due to

A

the presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins

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45
Q

Lysozyme breaks the bond between ______ and _______

A

N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

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46
Q

Penicillin inhibits ______

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

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47
Q

What cells that loss a cell wall may survive in Isotonic environments

A
  • Protoplasts
  • Spheroplasts
  • Mycoplasma
    • Does not produce a cell wall
    • Plasma membrane more resistance to osmotic pressure
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48
Q

Archeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan but some have ______, also called ____

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan, pseudomurein

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49
Q

Components outside of the cell wall

A
  • Outermost layer in the cell envelope
  • glycocalyx
    • Capsules and slime layers
    • S layers
  • Aid in attachment to solid surfaces
    • e.g. Biofilms in plant and animals
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50
Q

Capsules usually are composed of

A
  • polysaccharides
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51
Q

What are the protective advantages of capsules

A
  • resistant to phagocytosis
  • protect from desiccation
  • exclude viruses and detergents
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52
Q

Slime layers

A
  • Similar to capsule except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed
  • slime may aid in motility
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53
Q

S layers

A
  • Regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self-assemble
    • ​in gram-negative bacteria the S layer adheres to outer membrane
    • in gram-positive bacteria it is associated with the peptidoglycan surface
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54
Q

S layer functions

A
  • Protect from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, and predation
  • Maintains shape and rigidity
  • Promotes adhesion to surfaces
  • Protects from host defenses
  • Potential use in nanotechnology
    • S layer spontaneoulsy associates
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55
Q

functions of flagella

A
  • Motility and swarming behavior
  • Attachment to surfaces
  • may be virulence factors
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56
Q

What are the three components of the flagella

A
  • Filament
    • extends from cell surface to the tip
    • hollow, rigid cylinder of flagellin protein
  • Hook
    • links filament to basal body
  • Basal Body
    • Series of rings that drive flagellar motor
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57
Q

Flagellar synthesis

A
  • Complex process involving many genes/gene products
  • new flagellin molecules transported through the hollow filament using Type III-like secretion system
  • Filament subunits self-assemble with help of filament cap at tip, not base
58
Q

Monotrichous

A

one flagellum

59
Q

Polar flagellum

A

Flagellum at end of cell

60
Q

Amphitrichous

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

61
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Cluster of flagella at one or both ends

62
Q

Peritrichous

A

spread over entire surface of cell

63
Q

Chemotaxis

A

move toward chemical attractant such as nutrients, away from harmful substance

64
Q

counter clockwise flagellar movement

A

run

65
Q

clockwise rotation of flagella

A

tumble

66
Q

Flagellum is ___ part motor producing torque

A

2 (rotor and stator)

67
Q
A
68
Q

Rotor of flagellum

A
  • C (FliG protein) ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator
69
Q

Stator of flagellum

A
  • Mot A and Mot B proteins
  • form channel through plasma membrane
  • protons move through Mot A and Mot B channels using energy of proton motive force
  • torque powers rotation of the basal body and filament
70
Q

In presence of attractant tumbling frequency is

A

intermittently reduced and runs in direction fo attractant longer

71
Q

endospores are resistant to what

A
  • heat
  • radiation
  • chemicals
  • desiccation
72
Q

An endospore is a spore surrounded by thin covering called

A

exosporium

73
Q

What makes an endospore so resistant

A
  • Calcium (coplexed with dipicolinic acid)
  • Small, acid-soluble, DNA-bidning proteins (SASPs)
  • Dehydrated core
  • Spore coat and exosporium protect
  • DNA repair enzymes
74
Q

Sporulation usually occurs due to

A

when growth ceases because of lack of nutrients

75
Q

What are the amino acids in peptidoglycan

A
  • L-alanine
  • D-Glutamic acid
  • meso-diaminopimelic acid
  • D-alanine
76
Q

Direct cross-linking of peptidoglycan is normally observed in

A
  • Gram-negative bacteria
77
Q

Peptide interbridge of peptidoglycan is normally observed in

A
  • Gram positive (this is a chain of 5 glycines from D-ala of one chain to the L-lys of the other chain)
78
Q

Peptidoglycan synthesis uses _____ to transport NAG-NAM-peptapeptide units across the cell membrane

A

Bactroprenol

79
Q

The cross-linking in peptidoglycan is formed by what type of reaction

A

Transpeptidation

80
Q

Bactoprenol is a 55-carbon alcohol that attaches to ___ by a pyrophosphate group. and moves peptidoglycan units through hydrophobic membrane

A

NAM

81
Q

What are the 2 carries involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis

A
  • Bactoprenol
  • Uridine diphosphate
82
Q

Peptidoglycan synthesis

A
  • UDP derivative of NAM and NAG are synthesized
  • Sequential addition of amino acids to UDP-NAM to form the NAM-pentapeptide. ATP is used but no tRNA and ribosomes are involved
  • NAM-pentapeptide is transferred to bactoprenol phosphate. They are joined by a pyrophosphate bond
  • UDP transfers NAG to bactoprenol-NAM-pentapeptide. if glycine bridge is requried then it is formed here (note that the interbridge is formed in the membrane)
  • The bactoprenol carrier transports the completed NAG-NAM prentapeptide repeat unit across the membrane
  • The NAG-NAM pentapeptide is attached to the growing end of a peptidoglycan chain, increasing the chain’s length by one repeat unit
  • The bactoprenol carrier moves back across the membrane. As it does, it loses one phosphate, beocming bactoprenol phosphate. It is now ready to begin a new cycle
  • Peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains are formed by transpeptidation
83
Q

Vancomycin inhibits _______

A

transpeptidation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala

84
Q

Cycloserine blocks formaiton of ____

A

D-Ala-D-Ala

85
Q

Penicillin inhibits the

A

transpeptidation reaction

86
Q

Bacitracin blocks the

A

dephosphorylation of bactoprenol pyrophosphate

87
Q

What is the Mordant in gram stain

A

iodine

88
Q

What is the counterstain in gram staining

A

safranin

89
Q

Gram-positive cell wall has ___ ring basal body. While a gram-negative cell wall has a ____ ring basal body

A

2,4

90
Q

Gram-negative cell wall is ___ sensative

A

tetracycline (because it attacks the ribosome)

91
Q

The basis for acid-fast staining is a ____ cell wall composed of _______

A

waxy cell wall, mycolic acids

92
Q

Examples of acid fast staining cells

A
  • Mycobacterium
    • M. Leprae (Leprosy)
    • Tuberculosis
  • Nocardia
93
Q

Acid-fast staining methods use _____, which is a lipid soluble stain

A

Carbolfuschsin (contains phenol to help the stain penetrate the cell wall)

94
Q

Cell walls of photsynthetic algae

A
  • Cellulose
  • pectin
  • silica
95
Q

Cell walls of fungi

A
  • Cellulose
  • chitin
  • glucan
96
Q

Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

A

cytoplasmic streaming

97
Q

The 70S ribosomes are found in ____ and ____ of eukaryotes

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

98
Q

Locations of 80S ribosomes in eukaryotes

A
  • Membrane-bound: attached to ER
  • Free: in cytoplasm
99
Q

What are lysomsomes

A

digestive enzymes

100
Q

Functions of Vacuole

A

Brings food into cells and provdes support

101
Q

Small energy conservation organelles in some anaerobic protists

A

Hydrogenosomes

102
Q

Flattended, memrbaen delimited sacs in the stroma of chloroplast membrane

A

Thylakoids

103
Q

Viruses contain

A

protein and nucleic acid

104
Q

Viroids contain

A

Only RNA

105
Q

Satellites contain

A

only nucleic acids

106
Q

Prions contain

A

proteins only

107
Q

all virions contain a ____ which is composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a ______

A

nucleocapsid, protein coat (capsid)

108
Q

Capsid of viruses is composed of protein subunits called

A

capsomeres

109
Q

Carbohydrate-protein complexes on virus envelope

A

Spikes

110
Q

General characteristics of Viruses

A
  • Obligatory intracellular parasites
  • Contain DNA or RNA
  • Contain protein coat
  • some are enclosed by an envelope
  • some viruses have spikes
  • most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host
  • Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
111
Q

Viruses are classified by morphology

A
  • Helical viruses
  • Polyhedral viruses
  • Enveloped Viruses
  • Complex viruses
112
Q

Icosahedron is a regular polyhedron with ____ equilateral faces and ___ vertices

A

20, 12

113
Q

What are capsomers

A

ring or know shpaed units made of 5 or 6 protomers

114
Q

functions of spikes or peplomers of the virus envelope

A
  • involved in viral attachement to host cell
  • used for identification of virus
  • may have enzymatic or other activity
  • may play a role in nucleic acid replication
115
Q

Multiplication of animal viruses

A
  • atttachement
  • penetration/entry
  • uncoating
  • biosynthesis
  • maturation
  • release
116
Q

Three methods used for viral entry

A
  • fusion of the viral envelope with host membrane; nucleocapsid enters
  • endocytosis in vesicle; endosome aids in viral uncoating
  • injection of nucleic acid
117
Q

Enveloped viruses are released using ____

A
  • Budding
  • viral proteins are placed into host membrane
  • nucleocapsid may bind to viral proteins
  • envelope derived from host cell membrane, but may be golgi, ER, or other
  • virus may use actin tails to propel through host membrane
118
Q

Virulent phage

A
  • one reproductive choice
  • lyses bacterial host cell
119
Q

Temperate phages

A
  • have two reproductive options
  • reproduce lytically as virulent phages do
  • remain within host cell without destroying it
120
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A
  • Temperate phage changes phenotype of its host
    • bacteria become immune to superinfection
    • phage may express pahtogenic toxin or enzyme
  • Two advantages to lysogeny for virus
    • phage remains viable but may not replicate
    • multiplicity of infection ensures survival of host cell
  • under appropriate conditions infected bacteria will lyse and release phage particles
    • occurs when conditions in the cell cause the prophage to initiate synthesis of new phage particles a process called induction
121
Q

Archeal viruses may be

A

lystic or temperate

122
Q

Latent and persitent viral infections

A
  • Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
  • Disease process occurs over longer period; generally is fatal
123
Q

abnormal new cell growth and reproduction due to loss of regulation

A

neoplasia

124
Q

Reversion to a more primitive or less differentiated state

A

Anaplasia

125
Q

Spread of cancerous cells throughout body

A

Metastasis

126
Q

Viruses can cause cancer how

A
  • viral proteins bind host cell tumor suppressor proteins
  • carry oncogene into cell and insert it into host genome
  • Altered cell regulation
  • Insertion of promoter or enhancer next to cellular oncogene
127
Q

Infectious agents composed of closed circular ssRNAs

A

Viroids

128
Q

Are bacteria and archaea generally haploid (1N)

A

yes

129
Q

DnaA

A

initiaiton of replicaiton; binds origin of replicaiton (oriC)

130
Q

DnaB

A

helicase

131
Q

E. coli has __ DNA polymerases with polymerase ___ playing the major role in replication

A

5, III

132
Q

DNA polymerase is a haloenzyme

A
  • complex of 10 proteins
  • 3 proteins form core enzyme
133
Q

DNA polymerase ___ removes RNA primers, fills gaps with DNA

A

I

134
Q

____ forms a phosphodiester bond between 3’-hydroxyl of the gowing stand and the 5’ phosphate of an Okazaki fragment

A

DNA ligase

135
Q

Proofreading of DNA replication is carried out by DNA polymerase ___, which removes mismatched base form

A

III, 3’ end of growing strand by exonuclease activity of enzyme

136
Q

____ form when the two circular daughter chromosomes do not separate

A

Catenanes

137
Q

The shine-dalgarno sequence is on what strand

A

mRNA

138
Q

The leader sequence is transcribed into mRNA but is not

A

translated into amino acids

139
Q

The stop codon is immediately followed by

A

the trailer sequence which contains a terminator sequence used ot stop transcription

140
Q

____ mRNA is often found in bacteria and archaea

A

polycistronic

141
Q

RNA po

A

Microbiology (16 decks)

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