lecture 4 Stereotyping

Question 1

Globalization

Answer 1

Traditional business practices took place within a country, and its organizational identity shaped by the home culture

Global economy means that there is a diversity of cultures that shape organizational identity (due to location and workers mobility)

Accelerated trend towards global virtual teams that are geographically disperse.

Question 2

Two ethical challenges of global management

Answer 2

stereotyping
Moral heterogeneity

Question 3

Global virtual teams and stereotypes

Answer 3

OUr tests show that the prestige and the level of economic development of the country that a team member is from is a better predictor of peer evaluations received than objective measures of individual skills and competencies, including english proficiency, techniclal ability, and cultural intelligence,

Team members from countries with higher development index receive higher peer evaluations

The country-of-origin effect is especially prominent at the beginning of team formation

However, the effect of country bias does not seem to subside over time… and people continue generalizing country image to individual performances even after they have opportunities to observe real

Question 4

Stereotypes

Answer 4

beliefs that are held about individuals that belong to a certain group
(southern europeans are lazy / southern europeans are hospitable)

Question 5

Prejudices

Answer 5

are emotional reactions (usually negative) focused on an individual in virtue of them belonging to a certain group
(being suspicious of people with islamic clothing)

Question 6

Explicit or implicit

Answer 6

You can have explicit (conscious) or implicit (unconscious) beliefs about groups of people

explicit stereotypes are often accompanies by prejudices and discriminatory behaviour:

Someone who explicitly believes that non-heterosexuals are morally corrupt has a reason to feel disgust or shame

Someone with these explicit beliefs and feelings has a reason to refuse to hire a queer person (remember reasons can be motives to act)

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

a type of behaviour wich differentiates an individual in virtue of them belonging to a certain group

(no fats, no fems, no asians)

Question 7

What about implicit stereotyping

Answer 7

some people believe that it is possible to have implicit stereotypes but not have prejudices:

An employer who hires more en than women because of implicit stereotypes, but that has no ill feeling towards women

It is possible to never act discriminatorily despite holding implicit stereotypes:

You may have a stereotype of southern europeans, but never meet one or have to decide on anything that affects them

Question 8

stereotype threat

Answer 8

knowing that you belong to a group that tendsto be negatively stereotypes is experience as a threat - which in turn affects performance

May be triggered by being asked by demographic information, or being the only visible minority member

(self fulfilling prophecy; they think i bad i perform worse)

Question 9

Are all stereotypes morally wrong?

Answer 9

It all depends on whether stereotypes are inherently harmful

That means harmful by nature, independently of their content

Any action that is harmful to others is potentially immoral

Question 10

Stereotypes are not inherently harmful they are tools to understand the world

Answer 10

The content of stereotypes is not inherently derogatory, nor are stereotypes typically generated by preexisting group prejudice. They are more a matter of “cold” cognitive processings

Question 11

stereotypes are inherently harmful, because of what they are by nature

Answer 11

respect to others entailing not having false beliefs about them

Stereotypes provide with reasons to harm others

Stereotypes are evidence-resistant

Stereotyping portrays individuals through a “narrow lens” i.e. soley in virtue of the group they belong to

Stereotyping fails to grasp the variety of the group targeted

Question 12

Virtue ethics approach (stereotyping)

Answer 12

Clea rees: Virtue requires not only the habituation of virtuous motivations but the non-habituation or dehabituation of vicious ones which would otherwise undermine the connection between virtuous motivation and virtuous action

Indirect mitigation may work for deliberative cognitive processing (i.e. discrimination)

For institutions: blind hiring

For individuals: imagining counter stereotypic exemplars, thinking oneself into others shoes

Indirect mitigation does not work for automatic cognitive processing (i.e. implicit stereotypes)

If i am fond of penguins, i cannot just decide to dislike them, even though I could try to change my attitude indirectly by researching their less endearing habits. In particular, even our conscious associations are largely outside direct deliberative control. I CANNOT just decide to eliminate the association between penguins and winter festivities from my cognitive processing system. Since we have little direct control over even associations of which we are fully aware, there is likely to be little point in trying to eradicate implicit associations directly. Trying to Will awar our implicit biases or urging others to do so is likely to be pointless at best and counterproductive at worst. In contrast, adopting a goal or making a commitment is precisely the sort of thing that acts of volition are good for

The solution:

Habituate egalitarian virtues by adopting and pursuing egalitarian commitments

Conscious commitment to equality will habituate ones thoughts and understanding

Needs community support
(organization culture is important)