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CHI282 - Human Anatomy 2 > Lecture 4- Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Dural root sleeve covers ……….. ……..and becomes continuous with the………. of spinal nerves.

A

Nerve rootlets

epineurium

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1
Q

Spinal dura sac terminates at?

A

S2

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2
Q

Filum terminale projection of pia mater covered in dura mater anchors the?

A

spinal cord to the coccyx.

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3
Q

The spinal cord is the continuation of the?

A

Medulla oblongata

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4
Q

The spinal cord projects through the vertebral canal for what reason?

A

Protection

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5
Q

The spinak cord extends from foramen magnum to the lower border of …….in (adults),…… In(children)

A

L1 and L3

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6
Q

How much does the spinal cord weigh and what is its length in males and females?

A
  • Weight: 30g (2% brain weight)
  • Male: 45cm
  • Female: 42cm
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7
Q

The spinal cord terminates ……… And forms the ………….?

A

caudally as conus medullaris

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8
Q

Enlargement of the spina cord occurs where?

A

Cervical (C5-T1) and lumbosacral (L1-S2) enlargements.

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9
Q

Enlargements from C5 – T1 and from L1-S2 due to increased numbers of ……… ………. and ……….. going to upper and lower extremities.

A

Motor neurons

Interneurons

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10
Q

What spinal arteries supply the spinal cord

A

Spinal arteries:
• 1 x anterior
• 2 x posterior

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11
Q

Blood supply of spinal cord

A

Subclavian => vertebral => spinal arteries.

• Reinforced by segmental medullary arteries.

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12
Q

Attachments of the spinal cord do what and where? Also where do they arise from?

A
  • Suspend and anchor spinal cord within the dural sac.

* Arise from pia mater.

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13
Q

3 Attachments of the spinal cord are called?

A
  1. Denticulate ligaments
  2. Filum terminale
  3. Spinal nerve roots
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14
Q

Dent inculcate ligament attaches the spinal cord to the?

A

Dural sac

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15
Q

Two attachments of the Dural sac?

A

Filum terminale

Spinal nerve roots

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16
Q

Spinal cord segments are portion of the spinal cord giving rise to the …….. and ……..that ultimately form one ……….pair of spinal nerves

A

Rootlets
Roots
Bilateral

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17
Q

In the grey matter of the posterior horn contains, what type of neurons?

A

sensory interneurons

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18
Q

In the grey matter of the lateral horn contains what type of neurons?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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19
Q

In the grey matter of the anterior horn contains cell bodies of large ……… neurons that supply………. ………?

A

Motor

Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Efferent motor axons project from ……… grey horn through ………. …….. rootlets to mixed ……… ……….and on to the effector muscles.

A

Anterior
Ventral nerve
Spinal nerves

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21
Q

Afferent sensory axons project from ……./……..through mixed …….. ……..back to the ……. ……..and on to the CNS.

A

Skin/joints
Spinal nerves
Dorsal root

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22
Q

All skeletal muscles have a tendency to contract in response to being ……..?

A

Stretched

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23
Q

Reflex arc occurs within the?

A

Spinal cord

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24
Biceps brachii, c5, which nerve?
Musculocutaneous
25
Brachialradialis, c6. Which nerve
Radial
26
Triceps brachii, c7. Which nerve?
Radial
27
Knee-jerk (patellar), quadriceps fe pros, L4. Which nerve?
Femoral nerve
28
Ankle-jerk (Achilles), gastrocnemius soleus, S1. Which nerve?
Tibial nerve
29
Knee-jerk reflex Tapping the ligament activates ......... ........ in the quadriceps. ........... impulses from the spindles travel in the ......... ....... to the .......... segments of the spinal cord.
Muscle spindles Afferent Femoral nerve L2-L4
30
Knee jerk reflex efferent impulses are then transmitted via ...... ....... in the ....... nerve to the quadriceps, resulting in a jerk- like contraction of the muscle and extension of the leg at the knee joint.
Motor fibres | Femoral
31
Divisions of the spinal cord white matter containing.......
Dorsal funiculus ( dorsal column) Lateral funiculus Ventral funiculus
32
Dorsal column contains what two structures?
Fasiculus gracilis- Found at all cord levels | Fasciculus cuneatus- Only found at C1-T6
33
Dorsal fasciculi | Mainly ........... primary ........ fibres from ....................... of body to CNS. .
Ascending Afferent Mechanoreceptors
34
Dorsal column fibres synapse in nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus in the .......... ...........?
Caudal medulla
35
Dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway • 2nd order fibres arise from ........ ....... ....... and form the ......... ......... which projects through the brainstem and terminates in the thalamus.
dorsal column nuclei | medial lemniscus
36
Dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway • 3rd order fibres arise in ..........(ventral posterolateral nucleus) and ascend to synapse in ........ ......... (primary somatosensory cortex).
Thalamus | postcentral gyrus
37
Dorsal ascending tracts | Concerned with sensory function. Convey information from ......... And ...... to the brain.
Trunk | Climbs
38
Fasciculus cuneatus | Sensory axons from ....... ........
Upper extremities
39
Fasciculus gracilis | Sensory axons from ........ .........
Lower extremities
40
Fasciculus gracilis | • Carries fibres conveying conscious................ and ......... ........ .......from the ...........
PROPRIOCEPTION FINE CUTANEOUS TOUCH LOWER LIMB
41
Fasciculus cuneatus | • Carries fibres conveying conscious................. and ....... ......... ...... from the ........ ........
PROPRIOCEPTION FINE CUTANEOUS TOUCH UPPER LIMB
42
Fasciculus cuneatus is present in which spinal cord segments
Only present in spinal cord segments C5-T1.
43
Anterolateral ascending tracts Concerned with .......... function. Convey information from ..... and ..... to the brain.
Sensory Trunk Limbs
44
Anterior spinothalamic tract conveys ....... ........sensation
Light touch
45
Lateral spinothalamic tract conveys which three things?
itch, pain & temperature
46
Spinothalamic tract •............... tract. Conveys information about pain and temperature. • 1st order neuron sense ......../......... and end in posterior horn.
ASCENDING | Pain/ temperature
47
Spinothalamic tract 2nd order neurons cross the ........... and form the spinothalamic tract that ascends to the ....... nucleus of the thalamus.
Midline | VPL
48
3rd order neurons project to .............. cortex (postcentral gyrus)
Somatosensory
49
Lateral ascending tracts | Concerned with sensory function.Convey information from trunk and limbs to the brain. Contains which two tracts?
Anterior spinocerebellar tract | Posterior spinocerebellar tract
50
Spinocerebellar tracts • Unconscious co-ordination of motor activities. • Convey ........... impulses from muscles/tendons/joints to the ...............
Afferent | Cerebellum
51
VENTRAL spinocerebellar tract fibres ascend .............. to enter cerebellum through ......... ............ ...........?
CONTRA- & IPSILATERALLY | SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE.
52
DORSAL spinocerebellar tract fibres ascend.............. and enter cerebellum through ......... ........... ..........
IPSILATERALLY | INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE.
53
Anterior spinocerebellar enters through ........... .......... .........
superior cerebellar peduncle.
54
Posterior spinocerebellar enters through ........ ........ .......
inferior cerebellar peduncle.
55
Destruction of DORSAL column => loss of proprioception and ..............causing .............. (incoordination of muscular activity)
kinesthesia | Ataxia
56
Summary of sensory pathways • Proprioception, vibration, light touch ascend through ......... ........ • Pain and temperature information ascend through ........... ........... • Decussate before passing through brainstem in ............ ....... then on to thalamus and terminate in ............. ......... ...........
dorsal column. anterolateral pathways. medial lemniscus primary somatosensory cortex.
57
Corticospinal tract • Collection of fibres that descend from cell bodies in the ........ .......... of the .......... .......... and terminate in the spinal cord. • Corticospinal axons decussate (cross the midline).
Motor areas Corticospinal tract Cerebral cortex
58
Corticospinal tract Damage to one cerebral hemisphere will results in .............. ......... and weakness in the.............. arm and leg. • Myelination of corticospinal tracts not complete until end of ....... year of postnatal life.
somatosensory deficit contralateral 2nd year
59
Lateral corticospinal tract • “Pyramidal tract” • Concerned with ......... ........ ........ .......... (primarily of digits and upper limb).
volitional skilled motor activity
60
Lateral corticospinal tract | Originates from the premotor, precentral motor and ............ ......... .........
Postcentral sensory cortex
61
Lateral corticospinal tract | Terminates via ............ on ........ horn motor neurons and sensory neurons of ........ horn.
interneurons Ventral Dorsal
62
Anterior corticospinal tract • Formed by descending fibres that ......... decussate at the pyramids. • Concerned with control of ....... muscles. • Synapses with ......... ........ ........ in ......... horn of spinal cord grey matter.
Don't Axial lower motor neurons Anterior
63
Rubrospinal tract • Arises in ....... ....... ...... of the midbrain. • Plays a role in control of ........ ....... • Anterior to .......... .......... tract.
contralateral red nucleus flexor tone lateral corticospinal
64
``` Vestibulospinal tract • Originates in ......... nucleus. • Found at ....... spinal cord levels. • Plays role in control of ........ • Located in ........ ...... ```
Vestibular All Extensor tone ventral funiculus
65
Tracts that control movement of limbs:
 Lateral corticospinal |  Rubrospinal
66
Control movement of trunk (posture & balance), head & neck orientation:
 Anterior corticospinal  Vestibulospinal  Reticulospinal  Tectospinal
67
``` CNS = brain + ........ PNS = cranial + ......... ```
spinal cord | spinal nerves
68
Ventral ramus = ........... body | Dorsal ramus = .......... body
anterolateral | posterior
69
Anatomy of spinal nerve • ...... pairs of spinal nerves. • Dorsal (sensory, afferent) &ventral (motor, efferent) rootlets unite in ...... ....... ........ • Part of PNS.
31 | dural root sleeve.
70
Anatomy of spinal nerve | • Emerge from .......... foramina.
intervertebral
71
``` Spinal nerves Contain axons of: • Generalsomatic afferent • Generalsomatic .......... • Generalvisceral afferent • ................,.. efferent ```
efferent | Generalvisceral
72
Dermatome | • Area of skin supplied by a ........ spinal nerve (coming from single spinal cord segment).
Single
73
Somites = ..... (bone), ......... (muscle),........ (skin). | • Each spinal nerve retains it relationship with its somite during development.
sclerotome myotome dermatome
74
``` Important dermatomes • Upper arm (lateral surface): C5 • Thumb: C6 • Middle finger:????? • Little finger:???? • Nipple: T4 • Umbilicus: T10 • Big toe:????? • Heel:?????? • Back of thigh:????? ```
``` C7 C8 L5 S1 S2 ```
75
Dorsal root lesions will lead to ........ disturbances in dermatomes.
sensory
76
Ventral root lesions will lead to ....... disturbances = weakness (paresis) because muscles usually receive innervation from....... segments.
motor | several
77
Spinal nerve root irritation • Pain in affected .......... • ......... losses in affected dermatome.
dermatome | Sensory
78
Spinal nerve root irritation Motor deficits in “..........” muscles. • ......... associated with affected segment are diminished or absent.
indicator | Reflexes

CHI282 - Human Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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