Lecture 2- Brainstem

Question 0

The brainstem has Long tracts transmitting somatosensory impulses from?

Answer 0

body to thalamus

Question 1

The brainstem contains?

Answer 1

Cranial nerve nuclei (n11/12)

Question 2

Long tracts transmitting motor impulses from?

Answer 2

Primary motor cortex to spinal cord

Question 3

Damage to the brainstem results in?

Answer 3

• Somatosensory or motor dysfunction

* Cranial nerve malfunction

Question 4

What cranial nerves are located in the brainstem?

Answer 4

3-12

Question 5

What artery sits on the sulcus of the pons?

Answer 5

Basilar artery

Question 6

Axons from …….passes down through the ……, decussate(crosses over) in the……………..and enter spinal cord

Answer 6

Primary motor cortex
Brainstem
Medulla oblongata

Question 7

In the corona radiata, axons forming the pyramidal tract descend in which order?

Answer 7

1. 1st degree motor cortex
2. Corona radiata
3. Internal capsule
4. Midbrain ( cerebral crus )
5. Pons
6. Medulla oblongata ( pyramids )
7. Spinal cord

Question 8

The mesencephalon (midbrain) is divided into three derivatives, what are these?

Answer 8

1. Tectum
2. Tegmentum
3. Basis pudunculi

Question 9

The tectum contains what?

Answer 9

2x superior colliculus
2x inferior colliculus
Dorsal surface of cerebral aqueduct

Question 10

Where is the tegmentum is located?

Answer 10

Between the tectum and basis pudunculi

Question 11

The tegmentum contains the?

Answer 11

1. Red nucleus
2. Nucleus of oculomotor
3. Nucleus of trigeminal
4. Reticular formation

Question 12

Why is the red nucleus red?

Answer 12

From high iron (Fe) content

Question 13

The red nucleus receives input from the?

Answer 13

cerebral cortex and cerebellar nuclei.

Question 14

The red nucleus gives rise to the? Which controls?

Answer 14

Gives rise to rubrospinal tract => controls flexor muscle tone.

Question 15

Why is substantia Nigra brown?

Answer 15

Due to high content of melanin.

Question 16

The substantia Nigra projects to the?

Answer 16

Striatum ( caudate nucleus and putamen) and thalamus

Question 17

Death of dopaminergic cells leads to?

Answer 17

Parkinson’s disease => bradykinesia & hypokinesia (difficulty in initiating and performing voluntary movements).

Question 18

Substantia Nigra is located in the?

Answer 18

Cerebral peduncles

Question 19

Cerebral peduncle is a part of both the?

Answer 19

tegmentum + basis pedunculi.

Question 20

The basis pedunculus contains?

Answer 20

corticospinal and corticopontine tracts.

Question 21

What is the blood supply of the mesencephalon?

Answer 21

*Posterior communicating artery

• Posterior cerebral artery

• Superior cerebellar artery
artery

Question 22

The cerebral aqueduct is located between the?

Answer 22

tectum and tegmentum.

Question 23

The cerebral aqueduct is surrounded

Answer 23

Periaqueductal grey matter.

Question 24

The cerebral aqueduct connects the?

Answer 24

3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 25

Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct would cause?

Answer 25

hydrocephalus

Question 26

Anterior (ventral) surface of the pons consists of transverse bundles of fibres that become continuous laterally with the?

Answer 26

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 27

The corticospinal tract is from the?

Answer 27

Primary motor cortex to the spinal cord ( descending)

Question 28

The tegmentum is the major

Answer 28

ascending sensory pathway

Question 29

The pons is connected to the cerebellum via the?

Answer 29

middle cerebellar peduncle.

Question 30

The pons contains nuclei that mediate several functions, what are these?

Answer 30

Auditory and balance

Question 31

The pons has input from the?

Answer 31

Vestibular system

Question 32

The pons communicates with the cerebellum for?

Answer 32

Balance

Question 33

The pons control sensory input from the?

Answer 33

Face

Question 34

The pons sends motor neurons to?

Answer 34

muscles of the face for voluntary and involuntary facial expression.

Question 35

The pons is supplied by the?

Answer 35

Basilar artery

Question 36

The pons gives rise to which cranial nerves?

Answer 36

CN V, VI, VII, VIII (5,6,7,8)

Question 37

The medulla oblongata contains pyramids which contain?

Answer 37

Corticospinal fibres which primarily project from the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus.

Question 38

90% of corticospinal fibres decussate (cross-over) in the ………………….to pass dorso-laterally to form the lateral corticospinal tract.

Answer 38

caudal 1/3 of medulla oblongata

Question 39

10% of corticospinal fibres don’t decussate and form the?

Answer 39

anterior corticospinal tract.