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PLSC 333 > Lecture 4 - Rice > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Rice Flashcards

1
Q

what is rice

A

the seed of a semi-aquatic grass that thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates

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2
Q

rice is the worlds _____ important grain cereal

A

most

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3
Q

around how much of the world’s population considers rice a staple food

A

more than half of the world’s population

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4
Q

what is the whole grain of rice with the husk called

A

paddy

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5
Q

how is the husk removed from rice

A

milling

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6
Q

food uses for rice

A

boiled rice, rice flakes, puffed rice, rice pudding, risotto, ground rice for confectionery

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7
Q

non-food uses for rice

A

rice powder, starch, sake, husks used animal feed, and a mix for concrete, rice oil for cooking, straw is used for roof

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8
Q

2 types of rice

A

sticky and basmati rice

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9
Q

top rice producing country in 2018

A

China

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10
Q

is irrigated, rainfed lowland, or upland rice the most common way of growing rice

A

irrigated

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11
Q

what ploidy is rice

A

diploid (2n=24), but triploid and tetraploid also exists

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12
Q

where is rice native too

A

SE Asia

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13
Q

rice was cultivated in China for _______ years

A

5000

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14
Q

what is the wild progenitor for rice

A

Oryza rufipogon

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15
Q

is rice freely tillering

A

yes

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16
Q

how tall is rice

A

50-150cm tall

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17
Q

how does rice pollinate

A

typically self pollinating with 0-4.5% outcrossing

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18
Q

what is the optimum germination temp for rice

A

30-35 C

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19
Q

types of grain shape for rice

A

extra long
long
medium
short

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20
Q

types of maturity in rice

A

very early (<110days), early (110-140days), late (150-170days), very late (>180days)

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21
Q

3 sub species of rice

A

javanica, japonica, indica

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22
Q

where is rice typically grown

A

subtropical and warm temperate climates

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23
Q

how many months do rice require and at what temp

A

need 4-6 months at 20-25C (minimum of 10C)

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24
Q

water requirements of lowland rice

A

800-2400mm of rain and cannot tolerate dessication

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25
Q

types of rice

A

hill rice, swamp rice, floating rice

26
Q

hill rice

A

upland or dryland rice
needs good rains for 3-4 months

27
Q

swamp rice

A

lowland rice
grown in irrigated or flooded areas

28
Q

what does rice require in order to be cultivated

A

controlled flooding and draining of the land

28
Q

floating rice

A

grown in areas of deep flooding (up to 5m or more)

29
Q

how does planting of rice happen

A

transplants which are direct seeded in a nursery

30
Q

how deep is manual flooding in rice cultivation

A

2-3 inches

31
Q

why is fertilizer not really needed in rice cultivation

A

has blue-green algae that fixes N with Azotobacter

32
Q

how can you tell when rice is ready to be harvested

A

18% to 23% moisture content

33
Q

2 types of lowland rice cultivation

A

traditional system and mechanized system

34
Q

traditional system of lowland rice cultivation

A

grown completely with hand labor by small holders with 1-5 acres
requires 400 person hours per acre to transplant seedlings and harvest each panicle by hand

35
Q

mechanized system of lowland rice cultivation

A

seeded by airplane or machine
presoaked seed is in flooded 2.4-5cm field until plant grows. water level is then raised to 10-15cm
high fertilization and weed control
field is drained a week before grain is ripe
harvest using combine

36
Q

how is rice harvested

A

rice grains are separated from stalks and dried

37
Q

how is rice dried modernly

A

forced air blowers

38
Q

how is rice traditionally dried

A

dried in the sun

39
Q

what is the dried rice/paddy moisture content

A

12-14%

40
Q

what does milling do to paddy rice

A

makes it consumable for humans

41
Q

4 major part of rice

A

hull, bran, endosperm, germ

42
Q

hull of rice

A

fibrous indigestible shell

43
Q

bran of rice

A

outer layer of dehulled rice kernal

44
Q

endosperm of rice

A

large interior, containing most nutrients

45
Q

germ of rice

A

embryo of rice kernal containing most of the oil

46
Q

milling steps of rice

A

hull removed
bran and germ are removed
white rice is sorted to remove broken kernals
most rice is enriched with thin coating of nutrients

47
Q

types of rice by milling

A

paddy rice
whole grain rice (hull removed)
white rice (hull, bran, and germ removed)

48
Q

main agency of rice improvement

A

international rice research institute in Los Banos, Philippines

49
Q

what does SRI stand for

A

system of rice identification

50
Q

what is SRI

A

special method of rice identification originally developed in Madagascar in 1983 that uses a combination of several practices and emphasize change

51
Q

6 steps of SRI

A
  1. early transplanting
  2. Careful transplanting
  3. wide spacing
  4. weeding and aeration
  5. water management
  6. compost application
52
Q

how does SRI improve effectiveness

A

reduce water, seed, and chemical fertilizer inputs while still increasing yield

53
Q

how did rice production meet consumer preferences and environmental tolerance

A

hybrid rice

54
Q

what is hybrid rice

A

first generation offspring between 2 genetically diverse parents

55
Q

male sterility

A

a condition in which the pollen grain is unviable or cannot germinate and fertilize normally to set seeds

56
Q

types of male sterility systems

A

cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
environment-sensitive genetic male sterility
chemically induced male sterility

57
Q

who started hybrid rice research

A

china

58
Q

what are some problems with hybrid rice

A

little diversity in genetic material
poor grain quality
seed production is difficult
cultivation requires additional input expense

59
Q

super hybrid varieties in china yield _________

A

13.5t/ha

60
Q

golden rice

A

rice that is high in b-carotene

PLSC 333 (8 decks)

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