Lecture 4 - Organisational (Goals) Flashcards
What is motivation?
The ability to self-regulate and strive towards goals.
Motivation makes sense when linking it to goals
What is the relationship between motivation and self-regulation?
When we procrastinate and then finally perform the task, we are motivated; however we are poorly self-regulated.
There is no clear cut relationship between motivation and performance
What are the 4 main theories relating to motivation?
- Needs theories - your physiological and biological needs eg food, water, sex etc MASLOW
- Behaviour-based Theories - behavioural outcomes affect the motivation. They are based on INSTRUMENTAL learning
- Cognitive Theories -
Goal Theories
Needs Theory
Needs drive behaviour
- Biological needs - need for food and drive of hunger
- Psychological needs - need for human contact and interaction
Oog the caveman example for Maslow
Oog is hungry, goes out and hunts a dinosaur for his PHYSIOLOGICAL needs; drags it back to the cave and passes it out to people for his SOCIAL needs; in the warmth of the fire they all pat him on the back for his ESTEEM needs; then he picks up a stick, draws on the cave wall and fulfills his SELF-ACTUALISATION needs.
What are the properties of Maslows Needs hierarchy
> There are 5 categories; Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actualisation
They are hierarchical - that is: the lower needs must be met to reach the higher needs
They are divided into two categories; Growth Needs and Deficiency Needs
What is Aldefer’s ERG Theory?
It is a collapsed version of Maslows;
Collapses Maslow’s five factor model into 3:
- Growth Needs
- Relatedness Needs
- Existence Needs
What are the problems with needs theories?
> Needs to not group together in ways predicted
Can’t predict when particular needs will be important
No clear relationship between needs and behaviour
What are the two factors in Herzberg’s Theory?
- Hygiene Factors
2. Motivators
In Herzberg’s Theory, what are Hygiene Factors?
Occur in a working environment
People complain if lacking
Insufficient to motivate but can de-motivate
Don’t lead to high performance
eg. company policy and working conditions etc
In Herzberg’s Theory, what are Motivators?
People need these to flourish at work
eg. responsibility, advancement, growth etc
McClelland achievement motivation theory
- Need for achievement
- Need for power
- Need for affiliation
What is expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964)?
It is a cognitive and rational theory of motivation
The ‘whats in it for me theory’:
1. Expectancy - can i do it if I tried? If I work hard, I will do a good job 2. Instrumentality - will doing it be worthwhile? Good work will produce rewards 3. Valence - do I value the outcome? I value the rewards
What’s the difference between Needs Theories and Expectancy Theory?
Needs Theories focus on the individual’s past and their needs and drives.
Expectancy theories focus on OUTCOMES
Writing an essay on motivation example of expectancy theory
Expectancy: How likely is it that I am capable of writing a good essay? Affected by self-efficacy, confidence from past experiences
Instrumentality: How likely is it that if I put in the hard work I will be rewarded? Affected by your belief in the marking system, what you gauge as success.
Valence: Do I value the rewards? Affected by what importance you place on passing the course, your commitment to self-learning, your interest in the subject.
