Lecture 4: Interpreting Anthropometric Data Flashcards

1
Q

What are some measurements of body size?

A
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Elbow breadth
  • MUAC
  • Head circumference
  • Length
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2
Q

What do head circumferences measure?

A

Brain growth

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3
Q

At age two what do we switch?

A

From measuring lying down to standing up

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4
Q

What fraction of people in NZ are of a healthy weight?

A

1/3

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5
Q

What BMI indicates normal weight?

A

18.5 - 24.9

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6
Q

What BMI indicates you are overweight?

A

25.0 - 29.9

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7
Q

What BMI indicates mild obesity?

A

30.0 - 34.9

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8
Q

What BMI indicates moderate obesity?

A

35.0 - 39.9

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9
Q

What BMI indicates extreme obesity?

A

> 40.0

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10
Q

What is metabolic syndrome a straight forward term to describe?

A

Increased BP, glucose, TAG’s, reduced HDL cholesterol

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11
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

How good a measure/test is at correctly identifying people who have the disease

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12
Q

What is normal waist circumference range?

A

Men: 94 - 102cm
Women: 80 - 88cm

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13
Q

What is abnormal waist circumference range?

A

Men: >102cm
Women: >88cm

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14
Q

What are growth indices derived from?

A

A combination of raw measurements (e.g. “weight-for-height”)

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15
Q

What are growth indices used to compare?

A

Individuals/groups with a growth chart or reference data

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16
Q

What is occipital frontal circumference (OFC)?

A

Using flexible, non-stretch tape over the most prominent part on back of head (occiput) and just above the eyebrows (supraorbital ridges)

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17
Q

What measurement does OFC give?

A

The largest circumference of the head

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18
Q

What can head circumference show in under 2’s?

A
  • Index of chronic protein-energy deficiency
  • Brain development
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19
Q

What is wasting?

A

“acute malnutrition” - because it is believed that episodes of wasting have a short duration

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20
Q

What is stunting?

A

“chronic malnutrition” - longer duration

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21
Q

What is weight-for-age used to assess?

A

over- or under-nutrition

22
Q

What is a limitation of weight-for-age?

A
  • can’t distinguish tall thin children who are underweight from those who are short with adequate weight
23
Q

What is under-nutrition under-estimated?

A

If rates of stunting are high but rates of wasting are low

24
Q

What infants and children can be measured by length?

25
How is length measured?
Using a calibrated length board - measure without shoes, wearing light underclothing or nappy
26
What is weight-for-height?
assesses a person's body weight relative to their height
27
What does low weight-for-height in low income countries indicate?
"wasting" (failure to gain sufficient weight relative to height)
28
What does low weight-for-height in high income countries indicate?
Growth faltering and wasting in hospital patients
29
What are limitations of weight-for-height?
Need to also use height-for-age: - Could be stunted - Oedema
30
What is height-for-age an index of?
Past nutritional status
31
What is stunting due to?
Extended period of inadequate food supply, poor dietary quality - causes increased morbidity in childhood (2nd or 3rd yr of life)
32
What is reference data used to do?
- Facilitate international comparisons - Evaluate trends over time - Evaluate effectiveness of intervention programmes
33
How is reference data used in clinical settings?
- Monitor growth - Identify under- or over- nutrition - Assess response to treatment
34
A growth standard is NOT a....
Growth reference
35
What is a growth reference?
Growth pattern of healthy population
36
What is a growth standard?
Recommended pattern of growth - specific health outcomes and decreased long term health risks
37
BF babies grow similarly or faster in the 1st 2-3 months and then...
Grow less rapidly compared to formula fed babies
38
What is the WHO growth standard for overweight (<5 yrs of age)?
wt-for-ht z-score of over 2
39
What is the WHO growth standard for obesity (<5 yrs of age)?
wt-for-ht z-score of over 3
40
Which growth standard is the best?
WHO - choose one method and stick with it
41
What is reference data used to generate?
- Percentiles - Z-scores
42
When should percentiles be used?
in high income countries
43
When should z-scores be used?
especially in low income countries, but also high income countries
44
What percentiles indicate individuals at risk?
Below the 3rd/5th percentiles or above the 97th/95th percentiles
45
When should percentiles not be used?
For individuals/populations from low-income countries if using reference data from high income countries
46
What does a z-score tell us?
How many standard deviations an individuals measurement is away from the population mean
47
What does a standard deviation tell us?
About the spread of our data around the mean
48
The higher spread or variability....
the higher the standard deviation
49
Z-score equation:
Z-score = (persons measurement - reference mean) / reference SD
50
What does a z-score of 0 mean?
It is on the mean/median