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HUNT242 > Lecture 4: Interpreting Anthropometric Data > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Interpreting Anthropometric Data Flashcards

1
Q

What are some measurements of body size?

A
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Elbow breadth
  • MUAC
  • Head circumference
  • Length
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2
Q

What do head circumferences measure?

A

Brain growth

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3
Q

At age two what do we switch?

A

From measuring lying down to standing up

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4
Q

What fraction of people in NZ are of a healthy weight?

A

1/3

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5
Q

What BMI indicates normal weight?

A

18.5 - 24.9

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6
Q

What BMI indicates you are overweight?

A

25.0 - 29.9

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7
Q

What BMI indicates mild obesity?

A

30.0 - 34.9

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8
Q

What BMI indicates moderate obesity?

A

35.0 - 39.9

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9
Q

What BMI indicates extreme obesity?

A

> 40.0

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10
Q

What is metabolic syndrome a straight forward term to describe?

A

Increased BP, glucose, TAG’s, reduced HDL cholesterol

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11
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

How good a measure/test is at correctly identifying people who have the disease

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12
Q

What is normal waist circumference range?

A

Men: 94 - 102cm
Women: 80 - 88cm

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13
Q

What is abnormal waist circumference range?

A

Men: >102cm
Women: >88cm

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14
Q

What are growth indices derived from?

A

A combination of raw measurements (e.g. “weight-for-height”)

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15
Q

What are growth indices used to compare?

A

Individuals/groups with a growth chart or reference data

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16
Q

What is occipital frontal circumference (OFC)?

A

Using flexible, non-stretch tape over the most prominent part on back of head (occiput) and just above the eyebrows (supraorbital ridges)

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17
Q

What measurement does OFC give?

A

The largest circumference of the head

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18
Q

What can head circumference show in under 2’s?

A
  • Index of chronic protein-energy deficiency
  • Brain development
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19
Q

What is wasting?

A

“acute malnutrition” - because it is believed that episodes of wasting have a short duration

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20
Q

What is stunting?

A

“chronic malnutrition” - longer duration

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21
Q

What is weight-for-age used to assess?

A

over- or under-nutrition

22
Q

What is a limitation of weight-for-age?

A
  • can’t distinguish tall thin children who are underweight from those who are short with adequate weight
23
Q

What is under-nutrition under-estimated?

A

If rates of stunting are high but rates of wasting are low

24
Q

What infants and children can be measured by length?

A

< 85cm

25
Q

How is length measured?

A

Using a calibrated length board - measure without shoes, wearing light underclothing or nappy

26
Q

What is weight-for-height?

A

assesses a person’s body weight relative to their height

27
Q

What does low weight-for-height in low income countries indicate?

A

“wasting” (failure to gain sufficient weight relative to height)

28
Q

What does low weight-for-height in high income countries indicate?

A

Growth faltering and wasting in hospital patients

29
Q

What are limitations of weight-for-height?

A

Need to also use height-for-age:
- Could be stunted
- Oedema

30
Q

What is height-for-age an index of?

A

Past nutritional status

31
Q

What is stunting due to?

A

Extended period of inadequate food supply, poor dietary quality - causes increased morbidity in childhood (2nd or 3rd yr of life)

32
Q

What is reference data used to do?

A
  • Facilitate international comparisons
  • Evaluate trends over time
  • Evaluate effectiveness of intervention programmes
33
Q

How is reference data used in clinical settings?

A
  • Monitor growth
  • Identify under- or over- nutrition
  • Assess response to treatment
34
Q

A growth standard is NOT a….

A

Growth reference

35
Q

What is a growth reference?

A

Growth pattern of healthy population

36
Q

What is a growth standard?

A

Recommended pattern of growth - specific health outcomes and decreased long term health risks

37
Q

BF babies grow similarly or faster in the 1st 2-3 months and then…

A

Grow less rapidly compared to formula fed babies

38
Q

What is the WHO growth standard for overweight (<5 yrs of age)?

A

wt-for-ht z-score of over 2

39
Q

What is the WHO growth standard for obesity (<5 yrs of age)?

A

wt-for-ht z-score of over 3

40
Q

Which growth standard is the best?

A

WHO - choose one method and stick with it

41
Q

What is reference data used to generate?

A
  • Percentiles
  • Z-scores
42
Q

When should percentiles be used?

A

in high income countries

43
Q

When should z-scores be used?

A

especially in low income countries, but also high income countries

44
Q

What percentiles indicate individuals at risk?

A

Below the 3rd/5th percentiles or above the 97th/95th percentiles

45
Q

When should percentiles not be used?

A

For individuals/populations from low-income countries if using reference data from high income countries

46
Q

What does a z-score tell us?

A

How many standard deviations an individuals measurement is away from the population mean

47
Q

What does a standard deviation tell us?

A

About the spread of our data around the mean

48
Q

The higher spread or variability….

A

the higher the standard deviation

49
Q

Z-score equation:

A

Z-score = (persons measurement - reference mean) / reference SD

50
Q

What does a z-score of 0 mean?

A

It is on the mean/median

HUNT242 (24 decks)

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