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HUNT242 > Lecture 19: Principles of Biochemical Assessment > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Principles of Biochemical Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What are two laboratory methods?

A
  1. Static biochemical tests
  2. Functional tests
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2
Q

What are static biochemical tests?

A
  • Nutrient in biological fluids or tissues
  • Urinary excretion rate of nutrient or metabolites
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3
Q

What are functional tests?

A
  • Functional biochemical tests (e.g. glutathione peroxidase activity)
  • Functional physiological or behavioural tests (e.g. taste acuity for zinc)
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4
Q

What is precision?

A

The degree to which repeated measurements of the same biomarker give the same value

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5
Q

What is analytical accuracy?

A

The difference between the reported and the true amount of the nutrient present in the sample is a measure of the analytical accuracy (“trueness”) of the laboratory test

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6
Q

How do you check analytical accuracy?

A

With certified reference materials

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7
Q

What is analytical sensitivity?

A

The smallest concentration that can be distinguished from the blank “minimum detection limit”

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8
Q

Values less than the minimum detection limit should…

A

Not be reported

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9
Q

What is analytical specificity?

A

The ability of an analytical method to measure exclusively the substance of interest

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10
Q

How can analytical specificity be enhanced?

A

By dry ashing or wet digestion

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11
Q

What is dry ashing?

A

When everything else gets burnt off and you are left with your nutrient of interest

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12
Q

What is wet digestion?

A

Where you are breaking down all of the other organic acid so you know how much of your nutrient you are left with

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13
Q

What is validity?

A

How well the biomarker correctly describes the nutritional parameter of interest.

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14
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

How good your method is at identifying people who are cases

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15
Q

What is specificity?

A

How well does this method identify people who are fine (not cases)

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16
Q

What is predictive value?

A

the effectiveness of a diagnostic test in predicting the presence or absence of a disease or condition

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17
Q

What is venous blood?

A

Blood from veins

18
Q

What is capillary blood?

A

Blood from capillaries (finger or heal prick)

19
Q

Why do we use capillary blood?

A

Less of a burden and less scary

20
Q

What is milking?

A

When you try to squeeze blood out extracellular fluid also comes out and the blood is diluted - can lead to haemodilution

21
Q

What is the standard size of blood collection tubes?

A

5-10mL

22
Q

What colour are standard collection tubes?

A

Red

23
Q

What are red top tubes used for?

A

Often used when measuring serum ferritin levels

24
Q

What happens to blood when it enters red top tubes?

A

It clots when it enters

25
Q

Most of the blood collecting tubes in NZ are…

A

Vacutainers (they have a vacuum in them, supports the blood to fill the tube)

26
Q

What do lavender / purple top blood collection tubes have added to them?

A

Has EDTA (anticoagulant) added to it, so the blood doesn’t clot

27
Q

What are lavender/purple top tubes used for?

A

Often used for whole blood count

28
Q

What do the fancy / gold top blood collection tubes have added to them?

A

have gel at the bottom, clot activator and gel separator, has powder that encourages clotting

29
Q

What are fancy / gold top blood collection tubes used for?

A

Would replace red top

30
Q

How are the dark blue/black top blood collection tubes different?

A

trace element free tube, also prevents clotting

31
Q

What are dark blue/black blood collection tubes useful for?

A

zinc is everywhere so it is super easy to contaminate samples, these are important when measuring zinc

32
Q

What happens to the blood in a purple top tube?

A

The platelets have been stopped from clotting

33
Q

What are the key steps in data collection when measuring serum zinc concentration to assess population zinc status?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • time of day
  • time since last meal
  • presence of symptoms of infections
  • other contributing factors such as oral contraception
34
Q

When collecting zinc blood samples what is important?

A

Draw blood using stainless steel needle and collect into trace element free evacuated blood collection tubes

35
Q

Is plasma and serum often separated in zinc blood samples?

A

Yes

36
Q

Analytical accuracy is ideally determined using…

A

Certified reference materials

37
Q

Venous and capillary blood do not…

A

Necessarily give the same results

38
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted

39
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant

40
Q

What is precision commonly determined by?

A

Comparing repeated measures of the same pooled sample

41
Q

Laboratory methods can be divided into….

A

Static biochemical and functional tests

HUNT242 (24 decks)

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