Lecture 4 cells and tissues

Question 1

Cell structure (3 parts)

Answer 1

plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm- cytosol (ICF) + organelles

Question 2

Plasma membrane structure

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 2

lipid bi layer - phospholipids & cholesterol (unsaturated & saturated tails)
Membrane proteins
Carbohydrate group

Question 3

Membrane proteins

Answer 3

trans-membrane proteins
integral proteins
peripheral proteins

Question 4

Carbohydrate group

Answer 4

attached externally to proteins or phospholipids

ex: glycoprotein or glycolipid

Question 5

Functions of the PM

Answer 5

boundary between ICF and ECF
selectively permeable and transport
cellular communication
structural support

Question 6

Name the basic types of membrane proteins

Answer 6

Transport proteins (channels, carriers, pumps)
Receptors
Enzymes
Structural proteins

Question 7

Channels

Answer 7

Ions pass this way
filled with water
passive
quantenary in structure

Question 8

Carriers

Answer 8

binds to molecule and moves it across membrane
no open to both sides at same time
passive

Question 9

Pumps

Answer 9

Active transport
moves against gradient
requires energy
EX: sodium potassium pump

Question 10

Receptors

Answer 10

receive chemical signals

EX: acetylcholine receptors/neuromuscular junction

Question 11

Enzymes

Answer 11

catalyst
speed up chemical reactions
most are proteins
EX: adenylyl cyclase

Question 12

Structural proteins

Answer 12

support and anchor cells
cell junctions
EX: integrin

Question 13

Nuclear envelope

Answer 13

double membrane
pores to allow communication w/ the cytoplasm
passageway for mRNA

Question 14

Nucleolus

Answer 14

contains proteins and DNA

controls synthesis of rRNA

Question 15

Chromatin

Answer 15

loosely packed DNA and proteins

condenses into chromosomes during cell division

Question 16

Cytoskeleton:

MICROFILAMENTS

Answer 16

network just inside of cell membrane

composed of actin

Question 17

Cytoskeleton:

Microtubules

Answer 17

largest cytoskeleton fiber
made of tubulin
have cilia and flagella
vesicle transport

Question 18

Centrioles

Answer 18

made from microtubules
direct DNA movement during cell division
assemble microtubules
form mitotic spindle

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

synthesis of proteins
composed of rRNA and protein
subunits ( 1 large, 1 small)
assembles protein chain

Question 20

Rough ER

Answer 20

continuation of outer nuclear membrane
ribosomes on outer membrane
site of protein synthesis (membrane and secretory proteins)

Question 21

Smooth ER

Answer 21

lacks ribosomes
synthesis lipids
concentrates and store calcium ions Ca2+

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

consists of cisternae
surrounded by vesicles
protein modification and packaging

Question 23

Mitochondria

Answer 23

double membrane
2 separate compartments
site of most ATP synthesis in the cell
Where ETC is, aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
inter membrane space and inner membrane which contains matrix

Question 24

Lysosomes

Answer 24

storage vesicles
contain powerful digestive enzymes
role in programmed cell death

Question 25

Peroxisomes

Answer 25

contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign materials produces hydrogen dioxide contain catalyst that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Question 26

Tight Junctions

Answer 26

prevent movement and leakage between cells

Question 27

Anchoring junction

Answer 27

anchor cells to one another withstand pulling and stretching EX: epidermis and cardiac muscle

Question 28

Gap Junctions

Answer 28

creates cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells ion channel allow for communication EX: cardiac muscle

Question 29

Exchange | functional type

Answer 29

simple squamous epithelial alveoli of lungs endothelium

Question 30

Transporting | FT

Answer 30

simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelial requires a lot of ATP so it needs more cytoplasm small intestines renal tubules

Question 31

Ciliated | FT

Answer 31

pseudostratified and simple ciliated columnar epithelial Trachea uterine tube

Question 32

Protective | FT

Answer 32

stratified squamous epithelial and transitional epithelial skin esophagus bladder

Question 33

Secretory | FT

Answer 33

glandular | exocrine and endocine glands

Question 34

Characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 34

cells scattered in extracellular matrix vascular diversity of subtypes

Question 35

components of connective tissue

Answer 35

cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, defense cells, tissue specific types) extracellular matrix = ground substance + protein fibers (collagen, elastic, etc)

Question 36

loose connective tissues

Answer 36

areolar CT, adipose tissue, reticular CT

Question 37

Dense connective tissue

Answer 37

dense regular CT dense irregular CT elastic CT

Question 38

other types of connective tissue | besides loose and dense

Answer 38

blood and lymph cartilage (3 types) bone tissue

Question 39

Nervous tissue cells functions

Answer 39

``` neurons- functional cells of the nervous system excitable cells - produce electrical signals (action potentials) functions: communicate, control and integration glial cells (neuroglia) - supporting cells ```

Question 40

skeletal muscle

Answer 40

striated | voluntary

Question 41

cardiac muscle

Answer 41

striated | involuntary

Question 42

smooth muscle

Answer 42

non-striated | involuntary

Question 43

properties of muscular tissue

Answer 43

contractile - produce force and movement excitable elastic