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Physiology > Lecture 24 Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of respiratory system

A

supply O2 and eliminate CO2
maintain acid-base balance via regulation of CO2 in blood
ventilation and gas exchange

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2
Q

4 integrated processes

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. gas exchange
  3. transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
  4. exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells
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3
Q

Conducting zone

A 
nasal cavity 
pharynx 
larynx 
trachea
primary bronchi 
bulk flow region, no gas exchange = anatomic "dead space"
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4
Q

Upper respiratory

A

nasal cavity

pharynx

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5
Q

Lungs

A

secondary, tertiary, and smaller bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

respiratory zone

A 
respiratory bronchioles 
alveolar ducts 
alveolar sacs
alveoli 
gas exchange region
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7
Q

Alveoli

A 
primary sites of gas exchange
huge surface area 
type 1 cells - simple squamous 
type 2 cells - surfactant cells 
alveolar macrophages ("dust cells")
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8
Q

Pulmonary Capillaries

A

surround alveoli, exchange O2 and CO2 with air in the alveoli

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9
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

chest wall, diaphragm, pleurae, intrapleural space, respiratory muscles

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10
Q

Chest wall

A

surrounds thoracic cavity (ribs, intercostal muscle, etc.)

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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

primary muscle of inspiration

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12
Q

Pleurae

A

serous membranes surround each lung, form fluid-filled pleural sacs
parietal pleura lines chest wall and diaphragm
visceral pleura covers the lungs

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13
Q

Intrapleural space

A

thin, fluid filled space between parietal and visceral pleurae
fluid in the intrapleural space connects lungs to chest wall and diaphragm

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14
Q

Inspiration

muscles

A

primary: diaphragm
secondary: external intercostals, neck muscles

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15
Q

Expiration

muscles

A

passive: elastic recoil of lungs
active: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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16
Q

Mechanics of air breathing

A

Pressure
Air flow
Forces

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17
Q

Pressure

A

P of gas is inversely related to volume (V)
Boyle’s law P1V1=P2V2 (closed system)
during inspiration, resp. muscles contract -> lungs expand -> V increases -> P decreases

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18
Q

Air Flows

A

in and out of lungs because of pressure differences between lungs and atmosphere
air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
during inspiration, P decreases -> air flows in
during expiration, P increases -> air flows out

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19
Q

Forces

A

are transmitted between chest wall and lungs through fluid in the intrapleural space
opposing recoil forces of the lungs (inward) and chest wall (outward) create a negative pressure in the intrapleural space

20
Q

Pressures involved in breathing

A

atmospheric
alveolar
intrapleural space

21
Q

atmospheric

A

(Patm) = 760 mm Hg at sea level (= “0 mm Hg” used as reference)

22
Q

alveolar

A

intrapulmonary Palv - air pressure in the alveoli
P alv= P atm (=0) at end of expiration
Palv < Patm during inspiration, Palv>Patm during expiration

23
Q

intrapleural

A

Pip

pressure inside the intrapleural space = -4 mm Hg (0 lung coppalses (atelectasis)

24
Q

Inspiration pressure changes during breathing

A

resp. muscles contract -> Pip decreases (< -4 mm Hg) -> V increase -> Palv decreases -> air flows in

25
Q

Expiration changes during breathing

A

resp. muscles relax -> Pip increases )back to -4 mmHg) -> V decreases -> Palv increases -> air flows out

26
Q

Physical Properties of lungs

A

compliance
elasticity
airway resistance

27
Q

compliance

A

ease of expansion

increase compliance -> easier to expand lungs -> decrease work of breathing

28
Q

elasticity

A

stretching force; ability to return to normal length or volume
inward recoil force of lungs is due to elastic tissue and surface tension of fluid lining alveoli

29
Q

airway resistance

A

mostly depends on diameter of small airways

smooth muscle of bronchioles -> bronchoconstriction/dilation

30
Q

Surface tension

A

results from forces between water molecules at air-water interface
contributes to inward recoil force in lungs, tends to collapse alveoli inward
greater effect on small alveoli than large alveoli (Law of LaPlace: P=2T/r)

31
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A

secreted by type II alveolar cells -> reduces surface tension
increase compliance, decreases work of breathing
stabilizes alveoli by reducing surface tension more in small alveoli

32
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

in premature infants is due to insufficient surfactant

33
Q

Lung Volumes

A

are non overlapping volumes that add up to total lung capacity

34
Q

Lung capacities

A

are combinations of two or more lung volumes

35
Q

Residual Volume

A

minimum lung volume = 1200 mL

36
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume in lungs at end of relaxed expiration = 2500 mL

37
Q

Tidal volume

A

Vt
volume inspired and expired in each breath = 500 mL (quiet breathing)
a portion of tidal volume remains in anatomic dead space (DSV=150mL)

38
Q

Vital Capacity

A

VC

maximum breathing volume =4000-5000 mL

39
Q

total pulmonary ventilation

A

minute volume
Ve = ventilation rate (RR) x tidal volume
resting: VE = (12breaths/min) X (500mL/breath) = 6000 mL/min

40
Q

how does minute volume increase

A

increases in proportion to gas exchange requirements (a to metabolic rate)

41
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

“effective” ventilation of fresh air to gas exchange surfaces
Va =RR X (Vt-DSV)
12 breaths/min X (500 - 150 mL/breath) = 4200 mL/min

42
Q

Restrictive disorders

A

e.g. pulmonary fibrosis

reduced lung compliance -> difficult inspiration, reduced vital capacity

43
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

e.g. asthma

increased airway resistance -> difficult expiration, lower rate of expiration

44
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary disease

A

COPD

emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis

45
Q

Emphysema

A

involves destruction of alveolar tissue
fewer, larger alveoli -> decreased surface area for gas exchange
reduced elastic recoil of lungs -> difficult expiration, small airways collapse -> air trapping

46
Q

force expiratory volume (FEV) test

A

normal FEV1 = 80%

FEV1 < 70% indicated OPD

Physiology (33 decks)

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