Lecture 2 Flashcards
Primary elements
C, H, O, N
life is based on what element?
life is carbon based
carbon is the backbone of life
What is the most common element in the body?
more than 99% of atoms in the body are H
O is next
Secondary elements
P- phosphorus
S- sulfur
Ions/electrolytes
Na+
K+
Cl-
Ca2+
Trace elements
things like coblat, iron magnesium
Covalent bonds
strongest
combination of 2 or more atoms that share electrons
polar and non polar
ex: C-C
Ionic bonds
weaker than covalent
2 ions one + and one -
Na+—Cl-
Hydrogen bonds
Weaker than ionic and covalent
many together can be strong
-OH—OH
Hydrophobic interactions
weakest
-CH—HC
Bonds in water
Has polar covalent bonds between H and O
hydrogen bonds are formed between adjacent water molecules
Characteristics in water
water is a polar solvent - dissolves polar and charged molecules
water is the physiological medium - ICF and ECF are aqueous solutions
water is a reactant / product of hydrolysis and dehyration reactions
surface tension
attractive force between water molecules that cause water to form spherical droplets
caused by hydrogen bonding
anions vs cations
anions negatively charged ions
cations positively charged ions
polar
electrons shared unequally dissolves in water ex: O-H O-C N-H N-C H2O NH3 CO2
non polar
insoluble in water electrons are shared equally ex: C-C (same thing bound together) C-H O=O
Organic molecules
carbon based molecules
4 types of covalent bonds - single bonds, double bonds, chains, and rings
structural “backbone” of biological molecules
Hydrocarbons
contain only C-H and C-C bonds
Hydroxyl
-OH
alcohols and sugars
Polar
carboxyl
-C=O
|
OH
organic acids
Polar, acidic, negatively charged
-COOH -> H+ + -COO-
Amino
-NH2
amines
polar, basic, positively charged
-NH2 + H+ –> -NH3+
Phosphate
organic phosphates
acidic, negatively charged
acids and base are…
compounds that exchange H+ ions in aqueous solutions
acid
H+ donor / released H+ into solution (proton donor)
Increase H+ and decreases pH
