Lab Exam 2 Physiology

Question 1

What structures form sarcomeres

Answer 1

alternating light and dark cross-bands that result from the arrangement of sarcomeres

Question 2

intercalated disks

Answer 2

connect adjoining cells
specialized junctions
found in cardiac muscle

Question 3

What is the EMG

Answer 3

an external recording of electrical activity of a muscle

records combined action potentials

Question 4

Motor units

Answer 4

motor neuron & skeletal muscle fibers
increasing recruitment of motor units increases the number of muscle fibers activated and increases the force of the muscle

Question 5

fetal shunts

Answer 5

two major shunts one between the right atrium and right ventricle and the other between the right and left atrium

one is called the foramen ovale which becomes the fossa ovalis and the other is the ductus arteriosus which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 6

how do you calculate beats per minute

Answer 6

60/(t2-t1) (the seconds - R-R interval)

Question 7

Waves

Answer 7

P wave - depolarization of atria
QRS wave- initial depolarization of ventricles
T wave- repolarization of ventricles

Question 8

Intervals

Answer 8

PQ - atrial depolarization and delay at AV node
QT- beginning of Q to end of T ventricular excitation
ST- beginning s to beginning t plateau phase of ventricular action potential
TQ- end of t to beginning of Q ventricular cells back at their resting potential

Question 9

Auscultation

Answer 9

listening to the sounds made by body structures as a method of diagnosis

Question 10

systolic
diastolic
heart sounds

Answer 10

systole- ventricles contract
diastole- ventricular relaxation
lub- closure of atrioventricular valves during the isovolumetric contraction phase
dup- closure of semilunar valves during isovolumetric relaxation phase

Question 11

Heart murmurs are caused by

Answer 11

improper functioning of heart valves

Question 12

systolic murmurs vs diastolic murmurs

Answer 12

sm- occur between the first heart sound

dm- between second and first heart sound

Question 13

aortic stenosis

Answer 13

systolic

narrow opening of aortic valve, sharp whooshing sound

Question 14

mitral valve prolapse

Answer 14

systolic
leak in mitral valve, or valve is turned inside out
whoosh sound instead of lub

Question 15

name of the device used to measure blood pressure

normal bp?

Answer 15

sphygmomanometer

120/75 mm Hg

Question 16

what sounds or changes are associated with the systolic pressure reading and the diastolic reading

Answer 16

SP- blood begins to pulse through the partially opened artery which causes turbulent flow (tapping sounds)
DP- artery open smooth and quiet flow (sound disappears)

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

chronically high blood pressure
heart works faster which increases strain
risk factor heart disease and stroke
sensed by baroreceptors in aortic and carotid arteries

Question 18

MAP

Answer 18

MAP = CO X TPR
MAP= diastolic + 1/3 systolic

Question 19

What are OPD, examples, test

Answer 19

FEV (forced expiratory test) is for OPD
healthy is 75%-85%
asthma, emphysema, bronchitis
OPD is constricting or blockage of bronchioles

Question 20

Hematocrit

Answer 20

% of the volume of RBC
women- 38%-46%
men- 42% to 54%
low = anemia

Question 21

expiratory reserve volume
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
vital capacity

Answer 21

ERV- maximum volume that can be expired forcefully from lungs following relaxed expiration
Vt- volume of air that passes into and out of lungs in a normal relaxed breathing
IRV- maximum air that can be inspired into the lungs following normal inspiration
VC- maximum ventilation volume (vt+IRV+ERV)

Question 22

Specific gravity

Answer 22

is the measure of the density of a solution, density relative to H20
in urine reflects kidneys ability to form a dilute or concentrated urine
more concentrated = higher specific gravity
increase in SG usually occurs during dehydration or salt loading (increases plasma osmolarity)

Question 23

main waste product of protein (nitrogen) and lipid metabolism
is glucose normally present in the urine

Answer 23

protein- albumin
lipid- ketones
No, glucose in the urine is glycosuria and is caused by diabetes

Question 24

Renal clearance

what does it indicate

Answer 24

volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time
less= reabsorption
more= secretion
Clearance = (Concentration in the urine) x (Urine flow rate) / (Concentration in the plasma)
= U x V / P

Question 25

Pancreas

endocrine & exocrine

Answer 25

exocrine- enzymes to break down proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids
endocrine insulin and glucagon

Question 26

What physiological variable that pertains to renal function is approximately equal to the
clearance of inulin?

Answer 26

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)