Lecture 3 (Biomolecules)

Question 1

Monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 1

monomers - monosaccharides

polymer - polysaccharides

Question 2

monomer and polymer of lipids

Answer 2

monomer - fatty acid

polymer - triglycerides

Question 3

monomer and polymer of proteins

Answer 3

monomer - amino acids

polymer - polypeptides

Question 4

monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

Answer 4

monomer - nucleotides

polymer - DNA, RNA

Question 5

Hydrolysis reactions

Answer 5

break down polymers into monomers (H2O is added)

A-B +H2O –> A - OH + H - B

Question 6

Dehydration (condensation) reactions

Answer 6

combine monomers into polymers (H2O removed)

Question 7

Carbohydrates 
contain? 
general formula? 
Polar or non-polar?
function/s?

Answer 7

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
general formula (CH2O)n
polar (contains many -OH groups) soluble in H2O
major energy source for all cells and required by CNS

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Simple Sugars
Building blocks of polysaccharides and nucleotides
Energy Metabolism
Pentoses and hexoses

Question 9

Pentose

Answer 9

is a monosaccharide 
5 Carbon (C5H12O5)
Ribose and deoxyribose

Question 10

Hexoses

Answer 10

monosaccharide
6 Carbon (C6H12O6)
Glucose, galactose and fructose
Used to make ATP

Question 11

Disaccharides

Answer 11

2 monomers joined together via dehydration synthesis
maltose = 2 glucose
surcose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose = galactose + glucose

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

energy storage
- starch in plants
- glycogen in animals, stored in liver and muscle
Structural polysaccharides (Cellulose, Chitin, GAGs)

Question 13

Lipids
Functions
Polar or non polar?

Answer 13

mostly non-polar organic molecules
rich in C-H bonds
mostly insoluble in water
Functions: cell membrane, energy reserves, signaling molecules

Question 14

Classes of lipids

Answer 14

fatty acids 
Triglycerides 
Phospholipids 
Steroids 
Eicosanoids

Question 15

Fatty acids

Answer 15

basic building blocks of lipids (monomers)

long chains of hydrocarbons with carboxyl at the end

Question 16

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 16

contain all c-c single bonds
hydrocarbon chains packed closely 
more solid 
straight chain
(butter, lard, animal fat)

Question 17

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 17

contain c=c double bonds 
forms a kink in the chain making it more lipid and harder to stack 
(vegetable oil)
monounsaturated 1 double bond
polyunsaturated 2 or more double bonds

Question 18

Trans fat

Answer 18

Partially hydrogenated oil
chemically modified
unsaturated fats
hydrogenation - adding H to Fa’s: unsaturated to saturated
double bonded Fa’s produced as a byproduct
produced in manufacturing of some margarine’s and vegetable shortening
increase risk of heart disease
lowers HDL (good cholesterol) increase LDL (bad C)

Question 19

Triglycerides

Answer 19

3 fatty acids and a glycerol
gone through dehydration synthesis
energy rich molecules (high in calories)
2x energy as carbohydrates per gram
insoluble in H2O
Body fat (adipose tissue) functions as energy storage

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane
Polar head and non polar tails

Question 21

amphipathic molecules

Answer 21

non-polar and polar

Question 22

diglyceride

Answer 22

2 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 23

steroids

Answer 23

4 hydrocarbon ring (cholesterol and derivatives)
Cholesterol - component of cell membrane, precursor to other steroids
steroid hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

Question 24

related steroids

Answer 24

important in tissue metabolism and mineral balance

e.g. corticosteroids and calcitriol

Question 25

Eicosanoids

Answer 25

modified fatty acids with a 5 C ring many function as a paracrine substances, intercellular signaling coordinate/direct local cellular activity vasomotor effects, inflammation and pain

Question 26

Types of eucisanoids

Answer 26

prostaglandins prostacyclins thromboxanes

Question 27

Amino acids

Answer 27

building blocks or proteins contains a central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable R group 20 aa's are used to make proteins, 9 are essential in diet

Question 28

R groups

Answer 28

can be polar, non-polar, acidic (-), basic (+) different amino acids have different R groups R group affect protein shape and function stuck out from chain

Question 29

Peptides

Answer 29

combination of 2 or more amino acids | polymers of amino acids

Question 30

peptide bond

Answer 30

links adjacent amino acids | carboxyl group + amino acids

Question 31

polypeptide | primary structure

Answer 31

a long chain of covalently bonded amino acids | primary structure - "linear" amino acid sequence (peptide bonds)

Question 32

Secondary structure

Answer 32

simple coiling/folding of the chain bond formed between different amino acids form alpha helix or pleated sheet hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats in polypeptides

Question 33

Tertiary structure

Answer 33

higher order 3 dimensional folding (r group interactions) | internal and external impact

Question 34

Disufide bonds

Answer 34

combine with weak bonds and stabilize tertiary structure of protein

Question 35

Quaternary structure

Answer 35

interaction among multiple protein subunits | e.g. globular (hemoglobin) or fibrous (collagen or keratin)

Question 36

protein denaturation

Answer 36

unfolding of proteins due to drop in pH and or increased temperature which causes hydrogen bonds to break (=shape change) mild changes can be reversible but extreme changes are irreversible

Question 37

Nucelotides

Answer 37

building blocks of DNA and RNA 3 components: pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base Information molecules store and transfer genetic information

Question 38

DNA

Answer 38

``` sugar = deoxyribose double stranded, double helix sugar phosphate backbone (covalent bonds) Bases:(hydrogen bonds) A=T G---C ```

Question 39

RNA

Answer 39

Sugar = ribose mostly single stranded base paring a instead of u

Question 40

classes of RNA

Answer 40

messenger mRNA Transfer tRNA ribosomal rRNA

Question 41

Other nucleotides

Answer 41

ATP - energy molecule GTP, cAMP - regulatory and cell signaling molecules NADH, FADH2 - coenzymes, carriers of electrons and H in cellular respiration

Question 42

Why do bases only bond with specific ones

Answer 42

shape and polarity of bases allows formation | how delta + and delta - line up

Question 43

Purines vs pyrimidines

Answer 43

Purines 2 ring, A and G pyrimidines 1 rings, T and C a purine always goes with a pyrimidine