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Physiology > Lecture 3 (Biomolecules) > Flashcards

Lecture 3 (Biomolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

A

monomers - monosaccharides

polymer - polysaccharides

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2
Q

monomer and polymer of lipids

A

monomer - fatty acid

polymer - triglycerides

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3
Q

monomer and polymer of proteins

A

monomer - amino acids

polymer - polypeptides

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4
Q

monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

A

monomer - nucleotides

polymer - DNA, RNA

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5
Q

Hydrolysis reactions

A

break down polymers into monomers (H2O is added)

A-B +H2O –> A - OH + H - B

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6
Q

Dehydration (condensation) reactions

A

combine monomers into polymers (H2O removed)

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7
Q 
Carbohydrates 
contain? 
general formula? 
Polar or non-polar?
function/s?
A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
general formula (CH2O)n
polar (contains many -OH groups) soluble in H2O
major energy source for all cells and required by CNS

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8
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple Sugars
Building blocks of polysaccharides and nucleotides
Energy Metabolism
Pentoses and hexoses

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9
Q

Pentose

A 
is a monosaccharide 
5 Carbon (C5H12O5)
Ribose and deoxyribose
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10
Q

Hexoses

A

monosaccharide
6 Carbon (C6H12O6)
Glucose, galactose and fructose
Used to make ATP

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monomers joined together via dehydration synthesis
maltose = 2 glucose
surcose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose = galactose + glucose

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

energy storage
- starch in plants
- glycogen in animals, stored in liver and muscle
Structural polysaccharides (Cellulose, Chitin, GAGs)

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13
Q

Lipids
Functions
Polar or non polar?

A

mostly non-polar organic molecules
rich in C-H bonds
mostly insoluble in water
Functions: cell membrane, energy reserves, signaling molecules

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14
Q

Classes of lipids

A 
fatty acids 
Triglycerides 
Phospholipids 
Steroids 
Eicosanoids
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15
Q

Fatty acids

A

basic building blocks of lipids (monomers)

long chains of hydrocarbons with carboxyl at the end

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16
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A 
contain all c-c single bonds
hydrocarbon chains packed closely 
more solid 
straight chain
(butter, lard, animal fat)
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17
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A 
contain c=c double bonds 
forms a kink in the chain making it more lipid and harder to stack 
(vegetable oil)
monounsaturated 1 double bond
polyunsaturated 2 or more double bonds
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18
Q

Trans fat

A

Partially hydrogenated oil
chemically modified
unsaturated fats
hydrogenation - adding H to Fa’s: unsaturated to saturated
double bonded Fa’s produced as a byproduct
produced in manufacturing of some margarine’s and vegetable shortening
increase risk of heart disease
lowers HDL (good cholesterol) increase LDL (bad C)

19
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol
gone through dehydration synthesis
energy rich molecules (high in calories)
2x energy as carbohydrates per gram
insoluble in H2O
Body fat (adipose tissue) functions as energy storage

20
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane
Polar head and non polar tails

21
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

non-polar and polar

22
Q

diglyceride

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol

23
Q

steroids

A

4 hydrocarbon ring (cholesterol and derivatives)
Cholesterol - component of cell membrane, precursor to other steroids
steroid hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

24
Q

related steroids

A

important in tissue metabolism and mineral balance

e.g. corticosteroids and calcitriol

25
Q

Eicosanoids

A

modified fatty acids with a 5 C ring
many function as a paracrine substances, intercellular signaling
coordinate/direct local cellular activity
vasomotor effects, inflammation and pain

26
Q

Types of eucisanoids

A

prostaglandins
prostacyclins
thromboxanes

27
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks or proteins
contains a central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable R group
20 aa’s are used to make proteins, 9 are essential in diet

28
Q

R groups

A

can be polar, non-polar, acidic (-), basic (+)
different amino acids have different R groups
R group affect protein shape and function
stuck out from chain

29
Q

Peptides

A

combination of 2 or more amino acids

polymers of amino acids

30
Q

peptide bond

A

links adjacent amino acids

carboxyl group + amino acids

31
Q

polypeptide

primary structure

A

a long chain of covalently bonded amino acids

primary structure - “linear” amino acid sequence (peptide bonds)

32
Q

Secondary structure

A

simple coiling/folding of the chain
bond formed between different amino acids
form alpha helix or pleated sheet
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats in polypeptides

33
Q

Tertiary structure

A

higher order 3 dimensional folding (r group interactions)

internal and external impact

34
Q

Disufide bonds

A

combine with weak bonds and stabilize tertiary structure of protein

35
Q

Quaternary structure

A

interaction among multiple protein subunits

e.g. globular (hemoglobin) or fibrous (collagen or keratin)

36
Q

protein denaturation

A

unfolding of proteins due to drop in pH and or increased temperature which causes hydrogen bonds to break (=shape change)
mild changes can be reversible but extreme changes are irreversible

37
Q

Nucelotides

A

building blocks of DNA and RNA
3 components: pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Information molecules
store and transfer genetic information

38
Q

DNA

A 
sugar = deoxyribose 
double stranded, double helix 
sugar phosphate backbone (covalent bonds)
Bases:(hydrogen bonds)
A=T
G---C
39
Q

RNA

A

Sugar = ribose
mostly single stranded
base paring a instead of u

40
Q

classes of RNA

A

messenger mRNA
Transfer tRNA
ribosomal rRNA

41
Q

Other nucleotides

A

ATP - energy molecule
GTP, cAMP - regulatory and cell signaling molecules
NADH, FADH2 - coenzymes, carriers of electrons and H in cellular respiration

42
Q

Why do bases only bond with specific ones

A

shape and polarity of bases allows formation

how delta + and delta - line up

43
Q

Purines vs pyrimidines

A

Purines 2 ring, A and G
pyrimidines 1 rings, T and C
a purine always goes with a pyrimidine

Physiology (33 decks)

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