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Physiology > Lecture 17 Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
Tropic Hormones (inhibiting and releasing hormones)
part of the brain (diencephalon) controls pituitary gland
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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

also called hypophysis

major endocrine gland; infundibulum attaches to hypothalamus

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3
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland Releases

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin

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4
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland Releases

A

ADH, oxytocin

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5
Q

Pineal Gland Releases

A

Melatonin

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6
Q

Thyroid Gland releases

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothronine (T3); calcitonin

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7
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 on the back of the thyroid gland
secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
regulation of Calcium

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8
Q

Thymus

A

thymosin, thymopoietin

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9
Q

Adrenal Cortex Secretes

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

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10
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

Pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets

insulin, glucagon

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12
Q

Ovaries/Testes

A

Females: Estrogen, progesterone
Males: Androgens (testosterone)

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13
Q

Placenta

A

estrogen and progesterone, hCG

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14
Q

Secondary Endocrine Organs

A

GI organs, heart, kidneys, liver, skin

GI hormones ANP, erythropoietin, Vitamin D3, etc.

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Also called Neurohypophysis
direct neural connection to hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells originate in hypothalamus
axons in infundibulum
axon terminals in posterior pituitary secrete neurohormones
ADH (vasporessin) and oxytocin

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16
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

also called Adenohypophysis
Circulatory connection to hypothalamus via hypothalamic -hypophyseal portal system
Neurosecretory cells orignate in hypothalamus, axons in infundibulum, axon terminals in posterior pituitary secrete neurohomrones
anterior pituitary secretes trophic hormones that control other endocrine glands

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17
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis

TRH

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH + -> TSH from anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland (target endocrine gland)

18
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis

CRH

A

Hypothalamus releases CRH + -> ACTH from anterior pituitary -> adrenal cortex (target endocrine gland)

19
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis

GnRH

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH + -> FSH & LH from anterior pituitary -> ovaries/testes (traget endocrine gland)

20
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis

GHRN

A

Hypothalamus releases GHRN + -> growth hormone from anterior pituitary -> liver, bone, muscle, etc. (target endocrine gland/tissue)

21
Q

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis

PRH

A

hypothalamus releases PRH + -> prolactin from anterior pituitary -> breasts (target endocrine organ)

22
Q

Effects of thyroid hormones

A

increase basal metabolic rate
stimulate protein synthesis
developmental effects: nervous and reproductive systems

23
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Mineralocorticoids

A

(aldosterone)

promotes Na+ retention and K+ excretion by kidneys

24
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids

A

(cortisol)
stress hormones, promotes gluconeogenesis
anti-inflammatory

25
Q

Cortisol

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis
reduces inflammation
suppress immune response (theraputic uses)
Stress hormone

26
Q

Adrenal cortex also secretes

A

Androgens like testosterone

27
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

connection to sympathetic ANS
chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine (e) and norepinephrine (NE)
Epi and NE act via adrenergic receptors on target cells
(alpha adrenergic receptors - constriction of blood vessels)
(beta adrenergic receptors - B1 increase heart rate, B2 bronchodilation)

28
Q

Pancreas

A

endocrine portion consists of pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
beta cells- secrete insulin
alpha cells- secrete glucagon
insulin and glucagon are major actors in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis
exocrine - acini
endocrine - pancreatic islets

29
Q

What cells are most abundant in the pancreas

A

beta cells

30
Q

Fed (absorptive) State

A

high blood glucose
right after a meal nutrients are absorbed into the blood
blood glucose levels increase
beta cells secrete insulin
insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels

31
Q

Fasted (post absorptive) State

A

hours after a meal
blood glucose levels decreasing
alpha cells secrete glucagon
glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels

32
Q

Results of fed state

A 
parasympathetic division 
insulin:
glucose uptake 
glucose oxidation 
glycogen synthesis 
fat synthesis 
protein synthesis
33
Q

Results of Fasted state

A

sympathetic division
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
ketogenesis

34
Q

Insulin

A

secreted during absorptive state when blood glucose and a.a levels are high
stimulates glucose uptake (facilitated diffusion) into most body cells
stimulates synthesis of glycogen, protein, and lipids (energy storage)
decreases plasma glucose concentration

35
Q

Glucagon

A

secreted during postabsorptive state when blood glucose levels are low
stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver (releases glucose into blood)
stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue (mobilizes energy stores, spares glucose)
increases plasma glucose concentration

36
Q

Type one diabetes

A

insulin dependent (IDDM)
juvenile onset
not secreting enough insulin

37
Q

Type two diabetes

A

non insulin dependent (NIDDM)
adult onset
receptor deficiency, receptors are down regulated

38
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose levels

39
Q

glycosuria

A

excretion of glucose in the urine

osmotic effect results in excessive urinary water loss (diuresis)

40
Q

Elevated ketones and ketoacidosis

A

cells are “glucose starved” because of insufficient glucose uptake
-> increased fat and protein catabolism -> excess production of ketone bodies

*other effect of Diabetes is vascular degeneration

Physiology (33 decks)

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