Lecture 4

Question 1

what were fields used for historically?

Answer 1

food/fibre/fuel production

Question 2

what was the basis of food production?

Answer 2

colonial settlements

Question 3

what was est for animal production?

Answer 3

“commons”

Question 4

why did city dwellers no longer have the need to grow their own food?

Answer 4

large scale farming & public markets grew

Question 5

what were the challenges that the American pop faced in the late 19th & 20th century ?

Answer 5

economic challenges of war, depression & inner-city decline

Question 6

what effect did the financial market crash have on urban agriculture?

Answer 6

high unemployment led to the establishment of garden programs on vacant
lots

Question 7

what led to “depression gardens”?

Answer 7

the great depression in the 1930s

Question 8

what are war gardens, victory gardens, or food gardens for defence ?

Answer 8

during WWI & WWII food shortages led to the campaign of these gardens

Question 9

what pusched agriculture out of cities post WWII?

Answer 9

urban sprawl

&

economic boom

Question 10

post WWII what caused the role of the local food chain to diminish?

Answer 10

industrialization & globalization

Question 11

post WWII - zoning codes excluded agriculture as what?

Answer 11

recognize land use

Question 12

what movement in the 70s led to the development of community gardens?

Answer 12

grass-root movements

Question 13

what did the USDA sponsor in 1997-1996?

Answer 13

urban garden programs

Question 14

what led to the cause of a decline in community gardens? & why?

Answer 14

hot real estate market & economic boom

land was more valuable for a building than a garden

Question 15

what rekindled the interest in community gardens?

Answer 15

Economic crash in 2008, along with high global food prices & concerns for the envr

Question 16

what are the 6 phases of urban agriculture promotion in Canada?

Answer 16

1. 1890-1930 - the CPR planted gardens to encourage settlement & make railways more appealing – after WWII these plantings stopped with more common use of automobiles
2. 1990-1913 - school curriculum included gardening & students were required to grow a garden
3. WWI & WWII - relief gardens and/or victory gardens were encouraged to support the war effort
4. B/w WW I & WW II – vacant lots or land were used for food production and employment for the poor
5. 1965-1979 - “counter-culture movement” progressed urban agriculture “out of concerns for the envr, E crisis & natural preservation & self-sufficiency”
6. 1980s - open spaces movement developed primarily to promote mental health benefits of open-spaces & green-spaces

Question 17

what are the recent motivations for urban agriculture? (7)

Answer 17

global oil crisis

economic instability

Concerns about food security & safety

Concerns for the envr

concerns for health & nutrition

Failures in urban renewal

belief that things need to change

Question 18

what business led to the crash of the cuban economy?

Answer 18

sugar-cane production

Question 19

what was the result of unsustainable farming practices in Cuba?

Answer 19

deforestation, water pollution, soil degradation, & loss of biodiversity

Question 20

what countries supported the cuban economy crash? & how did they do it?

Answer 20

the soviet union, china & eastern Europe

Provided market for sugar & cheap oil

Question 21

what caused further economic crisis in cuba?

Answer 21

collapse of the soviet union in 1990

Question 22

what was the “special period”?

Answer 22

the average caloric, PRO & vitamin intake dropped 30%

Question 23

How did urban agriculture improve the life of cubans?

Answer 23

provide econonmic growth & employment

Question 24

what was the major diff b/w urban agriculture & traditional agriculture in Cuba?

Answer 24

operating in an organic situation b/c they didn’t have access to fertilizers & pesticides etc. instead use compositing & natrual pesticides