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Plant > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

clay soils have a ________ buffering capacity than sandy soils

A

higher

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2
Q

soils with higher organic matter have a ________buffering capacity

A

higher

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3
Q

what are 3 ways to lower the soil pH?

A

add S compounds (e.g. elemental sulphur, ferrous sulphate, ammonium sulphate)

N fertilizers

add acidic organic matter (e.g. peat,
sewage sludge)

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4
Q

how do you raise the soil pH?

A

liming (adding calcium carbonate)

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5
Q

how do you improve soil fertility? (5)

A

fallow

add organic matter - green or animal manures

compost

organic fertilizers

inorganic fertilizers

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6
Q

fallow

A

Leave land uncultivated for one or more years to allow for nutrient release through natural mineralization and to replenish soil moisture

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7
Q

how does fallowing improve soil fertility?

A

allows mineralization of nutrients & water storage to improve the fertility of the land in the following year

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8
Q

what 2 methods of improving soil fertility are restricted by limited land?

A

fallow

adding organic matter

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9
Q

what are the 4 components of a healthy soil?

A

nutrients
proper structure
proper aeration
proper ability to hold water

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10
Q

what are the probs with fallow? (2)

A

small land base

Deterious soil quality (unsustainable)

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11
Q

what are the ways that fallow is deterious to the soil quality? (4)

A

Reduces organic matter

Interrupts soil microbial activity

Mobile elements subject to leaching

Vulnerable to erosion

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12
Q

GREEN manure

A

A crop that is grown and incorporated back into the soil

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13
Q

what are the benefits of green manure? (7)

A

adds organic matter

Improve soil structure, aeration, aggregation

makes nutrients available (or returns them)

Protect the soil from erosion & leaching

improves soil microbial activity

weed control

Provides habitat for beneficial organisms

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14
Q

what is a challenge with green manure & why?

A

limited space

planted after early season crops (e.g. radish, lettuce, spinach)

Planted in areas that are set aside

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15
Q

what are the factors necessary to consider prior to applying green manure?

A

How much time will it have to grow?

soil moisture conditions

how it will be “terminated” & integrated into the soil

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16
Q

what type of plant should be used in an urban setting to grow green manure? & what are some exs?

A

annual

legumes - soybean, peas, vetches, lentil

non-legumes - oat, rye, barley, buckwheat, canola, mustard

or a mix

17
Q

why are legumes beneficial to use as green manure?

A

fix nitrogen & adds them into the soil with a symbiotic rhizobium

18
Q

what needs to be added when growing legumes? & why?

A

appropriate inoculant to facilitate N fixation

Important to maintain appropriate C:N ratio (10:1)

19
Q

when selecting a green manure plant, the biomass production should match the _______ ________-

A

moisture conditions

20
Q

what legumes are planted in higher moisture conditions?

A

Soybean/peas

21
Q

what legumes are planted in lower moisture conditions?

A

Vetches/lentil

22
Q

when do you terminate green manure & incorporate it into the soil? (3)

A

10-12” high and/or before seed set

Before freeze up in heavy soils

early spring in lighter soils

23
Q

how do you terminate green manure? (3)

A

Cut with scythe

winterkill

Use blade roller or crimp roller

24
Q

how do you incorporate green manure into the soil?

A

rotor-filling

by hand with spade

Leave on surface as a mulch

25
Q

what is the purpose of animal manure? (3)

A

Provide essential plant nutrients

add organic matter

Improve soil microbial activity

26
Q

what factors cause animal manure nutrient content to vary? (5)

A

animal type

what the animal was fed

Percentage and type of litter or bedding

age and degree of decomposition

degree of processing (the amount of nutrients released by microbes from the manure material)

27
Q

animal manure should always be used as a soil ________ not as a ______

A

amendment

mulch

28
Q

why should raw manure not be applied directly? (3)

A

May contain pathogens that can infect
humans

high levels of N & ammonia may burn young plants

May contribute weed seeds

29
Q

what is the best way to apply animal manure?

A

incorporate the manure into the soil

30
Q

how do you reduce the risk of disease transmission from animal manure? (5)

A

use only well-composted manure

don’t include pet or meat eating animal waste

Do not apply raw manure as a top dressing on growing vegetables

wash hands carefully

Wash and peel vegetables

Plant (21 decks)

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