Lecture 4 Flashcards
Elements common to all living cells
- genetic information paradigm (dna->rna>protein)
- plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane structure
Phospholipid bilayer + thousands of proteins
Cytoplasm
- consists of cytosol and organelles
Cytosol
Aqueous liquid that make up cytoplasm
-mostly water
- full of macromolecules and smaller molecules (ions, metabolites)
- metabolic activities
- signal transduction
Ribosomes
-Highly organized machine consisting of proteins and rRNA
- more like an enzyme than an organelle
- reads the sequence of mRNAs to coordinate their TRANSLATION into proteins
- (Ribo- Ribonucleic acid) (som- body)
- prokaryotic ribosomes are a bit smaller but do the same thing
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic ribosomes
Same function , prokaryotic is smaller
70S vs 80S (S meaans sedimentation coefficient. Size)
3 mil daltons vs 4mil daltons
Cytoskeleton
Filamentous polymers that participate in many processes such as
-cell division
-cell shape
- intracellular transport
Prokaryotes have simpler. Ancient version of a eukaryotic cytoskeleton
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Unicellular- uni or multicellular
Small- small to very large
No membrane bound organelles- yes they do
Nucleoid- nucleus
Single circular chromosome + plasmids- linear dna in chromosomes
How does a centrifuge work
Spin the shit out of test tube and the solid will end up on the bottom
Liquid- supernatant
Solid- pellet
Centrifuge starting at whole cells
Whole cells> cell fragments> Nuclei>
mitochondria/peroxisomes/ lysosomes/chloroplasts>
Ribosomes/ proteins/ nucleus acid/
viruses
What are low speeds for centrifuge
Big dense stuff
What are high speeds for centrifuge
Small, light stuff
How to get from cell fragments to nuclei
Spin at 500g
Process of getting from nuclei to mitochondria
The nuclei is the pellet and you take the liquid from the top (supernatant) and put in another one
Spin at 20 000g and u end up with mitochondria pellets, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, lysosomes
How to go from mitochondria step to ribosome step
Take the supernatant (top liquid) from the mitochondria step. Then put in a new tube.
Spin 150 000g
Get ribosomes/ proteins/ nucleic acids/ viruses
As pellets
Green fluorescent protein
Gene derived from jellyfish
Absorbs blue light. Emits green fluorescence
Nobel prize in chemistry 2008
