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Bio 120 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Diploid life cycle general
Starting with haploid stage

A

Gametes (1n)(sperm and egg)
Fertilization
Zygote 2n (many mitosis after this)
Mature 2n
Meiosis
Repeat

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2
Q

Alternation of generation life cycle simple
Starting with meiosis

A

Meiosis
Spores 1n
Many mitosis
Mature 1n
Mitosis
Gametes 1n (sperm/egg)
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
Many mitosis
Mature2n
Repeat

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3
Q

Spirit meiosis

A

Direct product of meiosis is 4 haploid spores not gametes

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4
Q

Germinate

A

Spores germinate and grow into a haploid plant

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5
Q

Sperm and eggs in alternation of generations is formed by

A

Mitosis

When mature haploid plant produces sperm/ egg which fuse to make a zygote

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6
Q

Fungi and algae life cycle simple

Starting with meiosis

A

Meiosis
Spore
Many mitosis
Mature 1n
Mitosis
Gametes 1n
Fertilization
Zygote 2n
No mitosis
Repeat

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7
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

Because zygote immediately does meiosis. It doesn’t grow at all (which would be achieved by many mitosis)

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8
Q

Fungi and algae meiosis produce what

A

4 spores

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9
Q

Metabolism carries out largely by

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Building something up

Ex photosynthesis. Lipid synthesis

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down something

Ex. Cellular respiration. Glycolysis

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12
Q

2 major types of energy

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

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13
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Describes energy and its transformation

Looks at things as a system and its surroundings

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14
Q

What kind of systems are biological system

A

Open systems

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15
Q

Open systems definition

A

Systems that exchange matter and energy with surroundings

Ex. Nucleus
Cell
Goat
Ecosystem

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16
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed

Only transformed and transfered

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17
Q

Entropy

A

Energy and matter move from ordered to disordered. (They spread out over time)(eg. Diffusion)

Amount of disorder call entropy (s)

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18
Q

Entropy symbol
Definition

A

S

Amount of disorder call

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19
Q

Rank entropy in solid vs liquid vs gas

A

Solid least entropy
Liquid middle
Gas highest entropy

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20
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy of the universe is continuously increasing

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21
Q

Gibbs free energy (definition and symbol)

A

G

Amount is energy available in a system to do work

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22
Q

What happens to free energy when a boulder rolls down a hill

A

Loses free energy

Negative delta G

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23
Q

System loses free energy

A

Negative delta G

Exergonic

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24
Q

System gains free energy

A

+ delta G

Endergonic

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25
Q

Exergonic

A

Loss of free energy

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26
Q

Endergonic

A

Gaining free energy

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27
Q

Second degree active transport

A

Energy released from 1 ion flowing down concentration gradient

Use that energy to drive the other ion against its concentration gradient.

28
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Chemical rxn that will proceed on its own without outside influence

29
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy releasing chemical rxn yielding products that contain less potential energy than their reactants

30
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy-requiring chemical rxn yielding products rich in potential energy than

31
Q

Energy coupling reaction

A

Use of wnergy released from Exergonic reactions to drive essential Endergonic reaction

32
Q

Energy of activiation

A

EA

amount of energy reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

This represent the energy barrier that prevents molecules from breaking down spontaneously

33
Q

Role of enzymes

A

Lowering activation energy of specific biochemical reactions

34
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that serves as a biological catalyst

35
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance which can lower the energy of activation

36
Q

Enzyme does what

A

Lower activation energy of the biochemical rxn

Allows equilibrium to be approached at a fast rate

37
Q

Will an enzyme be turned into a product after rxn

38
Q

Lock/key principle

A

Specificity between enzyme and substrate

39
Q

Substrate

A

Where an enzyme acts

40
Q

Active site

A

Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where catalysis occurs

41
Q

Enzymes are usually built how

A

Single polypeptide or protein complex

42
Q

Many enzymes also require presence of what

A

Other non protein molecules

Cofactor
Coenzyme
Prosthetic group

43
Q

Cofactor

A

Inorganic ions such as iron. Copper. Zinc that bind to certain enzymes

45
Q

Coenzyme

A

Small carbon containing molecules such as
Coenzyme A (CoA)
NAD
FAD
ATP
Which aren’t permanently bound to the enzyme and must collide with the enzyme and bind to its active site before the catalytic reaction occurs

46
Q

Prosthetic group

A

These distinctive molecular group are permanently bound to their enzymes such as heme or flavin

47
Q

Enzyme activity may be regulated how

A

Inhibitors
pH
Temperature
Etc

48
Q

Bioenergy carriers
Example

49
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine 5’- triphosphate

-Energy currency/shuttle of living cell
-living cell stores energy in chemical bonds of lipid starc glycogen (like a bank account)
-energy the cell requires for immediate use is temporarily stored in ATP (cash in pocket)
Cell continuously spends ATP which must be replaced immediately

50
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Nucleotide consisting of 3 main parts

-adenine
- ribose
- three phosphate groups

51
Q

Adenine

A

Nitrogen containing organic base

52
Q

Ribose

A

5 carbon sugar

53
Q

Phosphate groups in ATP

A

Identifiable as phosphorus atoms surrounded by oxygen atoms

54
Q

Function of ATP

A

Hydrolysis of ATP- Exergonic reaction (delta G= -7.6kcal/mole)

Rxn of AGP hydrolysis also favors formation of products in living cells

Donate energy through the transfer of a phosphate group

Nearly all cellular worm depends of ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation (transfer of a phosphate group , usually from ATP to a molecule)

55
Q

Delta G of hydrolysis of ATP

A

-7.6 kcal/mol

56
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP what kind of rxn

57
Q

When terminal phosphate is removed from ATP

what remains?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

ADP

58
Q

If phosphate group from hydrolysis of ATP isn’t transferred to another molecule what happens

A

Released as inorganic phosphate

Exergonic reaction

59
Q

Formula for hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi+ delta G

60
Q

Sucrose synthesis formula and rxn type

A

Glucose+ Fructose+ ATP Sucrose + ADP +Pi + delta G

61
Q

Generation of ATP

A

Substrate lvl phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

62
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP formed when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate

63
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Process by which phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP isn’t coupled to the transfer of electrons down an electron transport chain

-oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosporylation

64
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis driven by electron transfer to oxygen

65
Q

Photophosporylation

A

ATP synthesis driven by light

Bio 120 (32 decks)

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