Lecture 35: Nervous 4 Flashcards
What are common causes of trauma in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle
dog = blunt force trauma from hbc
cats = high rise syndrome
horses = performance injury
cattle = improper handling and restraint
What are the 4 types of injury and the forces they cause?
angular
vertical rotation
lateral rotation
caudal displacement
cause shear/tensile/compressive force
= neuronal and vascular injury
List 6 locations where hemorrhage can occur in the nervous system
epidural - cut meningeal artery
cortical
subcortical (white matter)
subdural - cut veins
subarachnoid - most common
deep intracerebral
What are 5 causes of hemorrhage in the nervous system
vasculitis
- histophilus somni or fungi
endothelial damage
- parasite migration
trauma
contusion
penetrating wound
What is a concussion? Are they common in animals? Why?
temporary loss of consciousness post head trauma
not common in animals because the force required to cause one usually just causes death
What is a contusion
bruise
It may or may not involve hemorrhage or a CNS tear (neuronal necrosis)
What can cause a contusion in the brain
sudden force
acceleration and deacceleration
Compare coup and contrecoup
coup is when damage occurs on the same side as the force
contrecoup is when the damage occurs on the opposite side of the force
What are 3 causes of compressive injury
space occupying masses
hemorrhage
inflammation
What is the mechanism of injury of compressive injury in the brain
impedes normal blood flow and reduces flow to the nerve
Describe how compressive injury manifests in the spinal cord
It is more common in the thoracolumbar region
there is more space in the cervial spine (more room to expand
What are 5 mainfestations of traumatic spinal cord injury
contusion
hemorrhage
laceration
transection
compression
What is hematomyelia
hemorrhage in the spinal cord and the cranial and caudal spread of blood
What animals are prone to nervous system neoplasias?
old > young
dog and cats
- brachycephalic
- golden retrievers
List 4 main primary nervous neoplasias
meningioma
ependymoma
choroid plexus tumor
glioma
What is the most common CNS tumor
meningioma
What type of tumor is a meningioma
benign tumor of the arachnoid layer
What is the mechanism of damage of a meningioma
space occupying causing compression
can be incidental in old animals that didn’t have any clinical signs
Where are meningiomas commonly found? What do they look like?
mainly in the skull
- also retrobulbar sheath (optic nerve) or spinal cord
can be shelled out
- important for sx or post mortem
= well circumscribed
Where are ependymomas commonly found? What do they look like?
lateral ventricals mainly
- also mesencephalic aquaduct > 3rd > 4th > central canal
What type of tumor is an ependymoma
benign tumor of ependymal cells
What are the gross lesions associated with ependymoma
well demarcated and expansile
can cause acquired hydrocephalus
Where are choroid plexus tumors found? What do they look like?
4th ventricle mainly
- also lateral and 3rd
they are granular/papillary tumors
What animals are prone to choroid plexus tumors?
golden retrievers
What are the 2 types of choroid plexus tumors?
benign = papilloma
carcinoma = metastasize in the CSF
What are 2 of the 4 main types of gliomas
oligodendroglioma
astroglioma
What animals are gliomas common in
dogs
brachycephalic
middle age
What type of tumor are gliomas
all are malignant
poor margins = invasive
What is another differential for oligodendrogliomas?
infection
because it appears gelatinous
- like C. neoformans
What are 2 common causes of secondary nervous neoplasia? How do they reach the nervous system
Dogs with hemangiosarcomas or mammary carcinomas
enter via hematogenous spread
