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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 11: GI 2 (upper GI) > Flashcards

Lecture 11: GI 2 (upper GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 important features to observe/note when doing a necropsy of a ruminant forestomach?*

A
  1. type of feed/contents
  2. rumen pH (<5 is acidosis) and hydration
  3. colour change
  4. mucosal attachment (should slough off/peel easily)
  5. papillae shape
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2
Q

What does a normal cat esophagus look like?

A

herring bone pattern

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3
Q

What are 3 common incidental findings when doing a necropsy of a ruminant forestomach*

A

trichobezoars
phytobezoars

also foreign bodies that may have mineralized over time

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4
Q

In what species does esophageal hypertrophy happen?*

A

Mainly affects old horses and pigs

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5
Q

What is the gross features of esophageal hypertrophy? Is it significant?*

A

Circular smooth muscle hypertrophy in the distal part of the esophagus.

Incidental

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6
Q

When you see white-grey cysts in the esophagus of an old dog, what could it be? Is it significant?

A

cystic esophageal glands are common in old dogs and are formed because the esophageal glands are dilated by mucus. This is incidental

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7
Q

What is choke? Are there consequences?

A

Aka. esophageal impaction. It is when there is a foreign body in the esophagus and can cause pressure necrosis if it is chronic

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8
Q

What is megaesophagus? What are the common clinical signs?

A

It is either segmental (due to persistent right aortic arch) or diffuse. It is due to weakness/muscle atony in the esophagus which prevents peristalsis.

Clinically it can present as regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of megaesophagus*

A

congenital idiopathic or acquired

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10
Q

What breeds or species are predisposed to developing megaesophagus?

A

Large breed dogs like GSD, great danes, Irish setters due to a defect in their afferent neuron

Siamese cats

Friesian horses

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11
Q

How is megaesophagus acquired?

A

myasthenia gravis or lead toxicity

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12
Q

What disease of the esophagus mimics vesicular stomatitdes viruses

A

ulcerative/erosive esophagitis

It often targets production animals and can look like vesicular or ulcerative oral viruses (FMA/BVDV/rinderpest/malignant catarrhal fever)

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13
Q

What is the only esophageal parasite we need to know? What other disease is it associated with?*

A

Spirocerca lupi

It is associated with sarcoma development - either fibro or osteosarcoma

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14
Q

What species are affected by Spirocerca lupi and what are the clinical signs

A

Targets canids/carnivores and causes granulomas in the submucosa and form tracts from the granuloma to the lumen

it involves the intima of the aorta

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15
Q

What is the lifecycle of Spirocerca lupi?

A

It uses dung beetles as the intermediate host and is found in warm climates

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16
Q

What are common neoplastic conditions of the esophagus?

A

None - they are rare (papilloma/lymphoma/leiomyoma)

Usually secondary to Spirocerca lupi infection (osteo or fibrosarcoma)

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17
Q

What is ruminal parakeratosis?

A

It is the formation of a thick keratinized layer in rumen along with club-shaped papillae with retained nuclei.

It is due to high levels of concentrate in the diet, vitamin A deficiency, or ruminal drinkers (calves that do not bypass rumen with milk)

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18
Q

What is the pathological mechanism leading to ruminal tympany/bloat?

A

Animal can’t eructate and the gas accumulates and compresses the thoracic cavity resulting in reduced venous return to the heart and subsequent shock

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19
Q

What are the gross features of bloat*

A

abdominal distension and a sawhorse stance
SC hemorrhage and edema cranial to where the rumen is obstructing and no hemorrhage or edema in the inguinal area
A bloat line on the esophagus
- cranially it will be congested
- caudally it will be pale

Also dark blood and poor clotting. It will affect franial lymph nodes, and can cause lung congestion and atelactasis

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20
Q

What are 2 types of ruminal tympany?*

A

primary or frothy bloat
secondary or gas bloat

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21
Q

How is primary rumen bloat caused and what are the consequences?*

A

It is caused by a diet high in legumes or concentrates. THis causes frothy ruminal contents and that will prevent the eructation reflex. On necropsy the froth will disappear if delayed.

It causes acute and severe disease

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22
Q

How is secondary rumen bloat caused and what are the consequences?*

A

It is caused by anything obstructing gas exit.

  • vagal indigestion which is a clinical syndrome of gradual abdominal distension due to damage of the vagus nerve from:
    – traumatic reticuloperitonitis
    – no obvious trauma
    – anything causing mass (HANG)
  • ruminal drinkers because the milk doesn’t bypass the rumen and is being fermented

It causes a chronic and recurrent condition

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23
Q

What does HANG stand for?

A

For remembering what causes of masses can be…

  1. hyperplasia
  2. abcess
  3. neoplasia
  4. granuloma
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24
Q

What is another name for traumatic reticuloperitonitis? How does this occur?*

A

hardware disease due to perforation of the forestomach by a sharp object

Usually occurring in the cranioventral area

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25
Q

What are the clinical consequences of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?*

A

traumatic pericarditis
chronic or local peritonitis

also subperitoneal or SC abscesses usually near the xyphoid. Pleuritis or pneumonia. Rarely hemorrhage and sudden death or septicemia.

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26
Q

What bacteria are commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?*

A

Arcanobacterium (Truperella) pyogenes

Fusobacterium necrophorum

27
Q

What is another name for ruminal acidosis? What causes it?*

A

Ruminitis

(also chemical ruminitis or grain overload)

Due to high levels of concentrate in the diet

28
Q

What is the pathological mechanism for ruminitis development?*

A

Reduced pH results in the death of normal gram (-) bacteria and gram (+) bacteria like Steptococcus bovis can proliferate

The gram (+) bacteria make lactic acid which further reduce pH and increase lactobacillus populations

A rumen pH of <5 is acidotic (be aware rumen pH increases after death)

29
Q

What are the gross and histologic lesions associated with ruminal acidosis?

A

Grossly it is non specific (sunken eyes and dark/thick blood). The rumen contents can vary but usually they are watery with difficult to peel mucosa and a distinct odor

Histologically there is neutrophilic infiltration and microabcesses. There is also cell swelling and degeneration causing vesiculation and focal erosions or ulcers.

30
Q

What are 6 outcomes of rumen acidosis?*

A
  • rumen atony leading to bloat
  • dehydration resulting in increased ruminal oncotic pressure
  • metabolic acidosis
  • scarring
  • necrobacillary rumenitits from a secondary infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum that spreads to liver (abscess)
  • mycotic rumenitis form a funcal infection of usually zygomycetes (sometimes aspergillus but it is usually in abomasum). This causes severe hemorrhagic lesions. They are vasculocentric meaning they invade the vascular wall and lead to infarct (well demarcated lesion with red rim)
31
Q

What is the only rumen parasite we need to know? What are the consequences?

A

rumen flukes from the genus Paramphistomatide

They cause red-pink lesions and look like rumen papillae

incidental

32
Q

What are 3 common rumen neoplastic conditions and why do they form?

A

they all rare

fibropapilloma due to bine papilloma virus 2 usually in the esophagus or esophageal groove

papilloma from bovine papilloma virus 4 usually in the squamous mucosa

squamous cell carcinoma due to bovine papilloma virus 4 or brakenfern ingestion

33
Q

What species is affected by gastric dilation and volvulus?*

A

deep-chested dogs
pigs
guinea pigs

34
Q

What is the pathological mechanism of GDV?

A

There is a spectrum of sevarity depending on how much the stomach twists (180-360 degrees)

The stomach will rotate clockwise around the esophagus (when looking from the caudal aspect) and it will occlude the esophagus and associated vasculature (splenic vasculature also affected)

35
Q

What are the gross lesions and clinical consequences of GDV?

A

Grossly the mucosa of the gastric wall will be red-purple and edematous

If there is no treatment it will result in circulatory shock, gastric rupture, respiratory compromise and death

36
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism for equine gastric dilation and rupture?

A

It is either primary or secondary.

Primary is caused by excess fermenting carbs in the diet, sudden access to lush pasture or sudden excessive water intake.

Secondary is due to a physical or functional downstream obstruction

37
Q

What are the clinical consequences of equine gastric dilation and rupture?*

A

laminitis

gastric rupture and rapid death: usually idiopathic at the greater curvature. Distingush from post mortem artifact by looking for edema/hemorrhage or an esophageal bloat line

If the stomach doesn’t rupture it can be a chronic condition

38
Q

What is the common clinical presentation of abomasal displacement and volvulus?

A

Commonly affecting dairy cows, especially at parturition. Usually resulting in a LDA and only 20% are also a volvulus. If it is a volvulus it is much more severe and can result in metabolic acidosis and abomasal rupture.

Often treated and thus rare in necropsy

39
Q

What conditions are usually concurrant with abomasal displacement and volvulus?

A

ketosis
hypocalcemia
metritis
retained placenta

40
Q

What species are affected by clostridial abomasitis? What is the causative agent?*

A

Usually targets calves and sheep. In sheep it is called braxy.

Caused by Clostridium septicum the clinical signs are caused by the exotoxin produced

41
Q

Where is clostridial abosmasitis most common?

A

In temperate climates

42
Q

What are the gross and histological signs of clostridial abomasitis

A

Grossly it causes hemorrhagic ascites and a congested serosal and abomasal wall. Thickening of the abomasal wall is due to emphysema, edema, and hemorrhage (feels like bubble wrap). There may or may not be fibrin

Histologically there is coagulative necrosis and gram (+) bacteria in the lesion (bacteria must be shown in the lesion for diagnosis)

43
Q

What is mycotic abomasitis? What are the causative agents?

A

It is similar to mycotic ruminitis and causes thrombosis and infarcts

Common causative agents are Zygomycetes and Aspergillus

44
Q

What are 2 common glandular stomach parasites affecting dogs

A

Gnathostoma and Physaloptera

45
Q

What are common glandular stomach parasites affecting the horse? Which is the most common and what are the consequences?*

A

Gastrophilus spp is most common and incidental
- G. intestinalis is usually in squamous stomach
- G. nasalis is usually in the proximal duodenum

also
Habronema spp
Trichostrongylus axei
Drashia megastoma

46
Q

What are the 2 most common glandular stomach parasite species of the ruminant?*

A

Ostertagia spp
Hemonchosis spp.

47
Q

What are the important species of Ostertagia that affect cattle and small ruminants

A

Cattle: O. ostertagi
Small ruminant: O. teladorsagia or O. circumcincta

48
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of Ostertagia infection

A

The larvae develop in the abomasum and gross lesions can vary with chronicity of infection. If acute it will cause edema and multifocal nodules but if its chronic it will cause thickening and ‘moroccan leather’ nodules

Histologically it will cause mucus metaplasia and hyperplasia resulting in parietal cells turning into goblet cells. Also interstitial inflammation with lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils

49
Q

What are the important species of Hemonchosis that affect cattle and small ruminants

A

Cattle: H. placi
Small ruminant: H. contortus *

Aka barber’s pole worm

50
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of Hemonchosis infection

A

The parasite feeds on the blood and causes anemia and SC edema resulting in bottle jaw. It can cause tri-cavity effusion resulting in hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, and hydropericardium. The contents of the abomasum will be watery and dark brown and you can see the worms.

Histologically there will by lymphocyte, eosinophil and mast cell abomasitis

51
Q

What is the glandular stomach parasite affecting pigs

A

Hyostongylus rubidus
aka. Red stomach worm
similar to Ostertagia

52
Q

What are the gross signs of glandular stomach ulcers*

A

melena
coagulative necrosis
may perforate which can be subclinical or cause pancreatitis or septic perotinitis

53
Q

If you suspect a glandular stomach ulcer in a dog, where should you look for it?

A

pyloric antrum or proximal duodenum

54
Q

What can cause gastric stomach ulcers in dogs?*

A

Gastroduodenal tumors like adenocarcinomas or lymphoma

Other tumors like
-cutaneous mast cell tumors that cause histamine production which increases acid production and has microvascular effect
- gastrinoma (usually small/difficult to find) which secretes gastrin that stimulated HCl production. Zollinger ellison syndrome

drugs like NSAID (inhibit bicarb production and reduce mucosal secretions) or glucocorticoids

55
Q

If you suspect a glandular stomach ulcer in a cow, where should you look for it?

A

abomasum

stress ulcers usually occur near the rugae in the fundus

56
Q

What is the common signalment of a perforating abomasal ulcer?*

A

Calves under 4 months old either due to a hairball, stress, mineral deficiency (Cu/Se), diet causing acidosis or lymphosarcoma

57
Q

If you suspect a glandular stomach ulcer in a pig, where should you look for it?*

A

pars esophagia (the squamous portion of their stomach)

58
Q

If you suspect a glandular stomach ulcer in a horse, where should you look for it?*

A

along the margo plicatus on the squamous side

59
Q

What is the common causes of glandular stomach ulceration in pigs? What is the consequences?

A

Due to finely ground feed which reduces the stomach pH

Will cause acute mortality due to exsanguination

60
Q

What are the common causes of gastric ulcers in horses? What are the consequences?

A

Usually due to stress, feed change, GI disease, or NSAID use. It can be subclinical or cause colic

It is especially common in foals less than 4 months old

61
Q

What are 2 common epithelial neoplasias of the glandular stomach? What species are the common in?*

A

SCC - equine
Adenocarcinoma - dog

62
Q

What is a common mesenchymal neoplasia from the glandular stomach?

A

leiomyoma

63
Q

What are 2 common round cell tumor in the glandular stomach and what species are associated with each?

A

lymphoma - abomasal lymphoma (bovine)

mast cell tumors - more common in dogs than cats

VETM 425 Sys Path (15 decks)

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