Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 16: Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the respiratory system?

A

Conducting airway
Transitional airway
Exchange airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the conducting airway?

A

It is made up of the trachea and bronchi

Containing stratified squamous epithelium along with respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

Contains olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the transitional airway?

A

Made of bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

There is decreasing amounts of cartilage and there is no cartilage in the bronchioles

They contain club cells: used for detoxification of xenobiotics via oxidases, they make a protective secretion and make surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the notable gross and histologic features of the exchange airway?

A

Alveoli

type 1 pneumocytes are flat and cover 95% of the alveoli. They cannot do cell division

type 2 pneumocytes are found in the same number as type 1 but they only cover 5% of the area. They are cuboidal cells and make type 1 pneumocytes and surfactant

Contain alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compare and contrast the below features in bronchi and bronchioles:
- cartilage
- glands
- goblet cells
- cilia
- mucociliary apparatus
- club cells

A

Bronchi have cartilage and bronchioles dont

bronchi have glands and bronchioles dont

bronchi have goblet cells and bronchioles don’t

bronchi have cilia and bronchioles don’t really (losing them)

bronchi have the mucociliary apparatus and bronchioles don’t

bronchi don’t have club cells but bronchioles do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the important anatomic features of the upper respiratory system

A

The cochae/nasal turbinates are contained in the nasal cavity
- they function to warm/moisten/slow air

The conchae is the communication between the oropharynx and the nasal cavity
- it is not present in horses (obligate nasal breathers)

Additional structures
- nares
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- nasal sinuses
- pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs
- air sacs/laryngeal ventricles in birds and some mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system:

A

condition air (warm/cool/moisten/filter)

olfaction

immune defence

vocalization

detoxification via club cells

acid-base balance

blood pressure

hormone and enzyme synthesis

leukotriene metabolism

epinephrine and vasoactive amine uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the barriers that oxygen travels through from the alveoli into the capillary:

A

surfactant

type 1 pneumocyte

basal lamina/basement membrane of the pneumocyte

interstitial connective tissue

endothelial cell basement membrane

endothelial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the upper resp system

A

epithelial layers

mucociliary clearance

normal microflora

phagocytosis

tonsils/BALT/MALT

surfactant and antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some factors that can impair the defence mechanisms of the upper resp system

A

viral infection

immunodeficiency

stress

dehydration

pulmonary edema

uremia

toxic or irritating gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is choanal atresia

A

It is the lack of an opening between the nasal passages and the oropharynx

It can occur either bilaterally or unilaterally

It is also usually accompanied by other malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What species is choanal atresia most common in and what are the clinical signs?

A

camelids

respiratory distress or aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary congenital conditions associated with brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

elongated soft palate

stenotic nares

hypoplastic trachea/larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the secondary effects of brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

everted laryngeal saccules and tonsils

hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucosa

laryngeal edema and collapse/tracheal collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What animals does tracheal collapse target most commonly?

A

middle age small breed dogs

like yorkies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathologic mechanism of tracheal collapse

A

It is a cartilage defect

The cartilage forms a shallow D shape - it is arced

It flattens dorsoventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse

A

honking cough
exercise intolerance

worsened by heat, exercise, and obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What species is hypoplastic epiglottis most common in

A

horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoplastic epiglottis

A

dorsal displacement of the soft palate

resulting in increased respiratory noise and reduced performance

due to a small epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What animals are progressive ethmoid hematoma’s most common in

A

older thoroughbred horses or arabians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of progressive ethmoid hematomas

A

unknown

maybe a vasoproliferative response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What animals are nasopharyngeal polyps most common in

A

cats 1-3 yo

horses (nasal mucosa)

reoccurrence is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of nasopharyngeal polyps and how do they relate to the development of the condition

A

usually occur in the mid ear or auditory tube

if in nose = sneeze

if in mid ear = ataxia/facial nerve paralysis/ horners syndrome

if in pharynx = gagging / dyspnea / dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of equine laryngeal paralysis

A

idiopathic

Usually occurs on the left side but can also be bilateral
- maybe because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer but still unknown

if it is bilateral there is probably a systemic cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine laryngeal paralysis

A

Usually occurs on the left side but can also be bilateral
- maybe because the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer but still unknown

degeneration and atrophy of the cricoarethynoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of dog usually gets canine laryngeal paralysis

A

older male dogs

giant or large breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine laryngeal paralysis

A

It is secondary to a systemic problem like a neuromuscular disorder
- myesthenia gravis
- hypothyroidism
- anesthesia

It is due to degeneration of the muscle and nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does canine laryngeal paralysis present anatomically

A

bilaterally symmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Compare equine and canine laryngeal paralysis

A

Equine
- usually the left side
- unknown pathogenesis

Canine
- usually bilateral
- secondary to neuromuscular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why might laryngeal an/or tracheal edema occur

A

It is edema inside the tissue

It is secondary to acute inflammation
- anaphylaxis
- cattle with atypical interstitial pneumonia
- edema disease in pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is honkers syndrome and waht is its pathogenesis

A

tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome

It affects the dorsal and distal trachea

It occurs secondary to increased intra-tracheal pressure from coughing. This causes mechanical injury and inflammation resulting in increased irritation breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What animals commonly get tracheal edema and hemorrhage syndrome?

A

cattle

Usually in the feedlot during the summer time or with increased exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define rhinitis

A

inflammation of the mucus membranes of the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe 5 types of inflammation

A

serous: clear fluid

catarrhal: red with fluid and mucus

purulent/suppurative: red with cloudy fluid
- Boston cream donut
- high neutrophils

fibrinous: fluid with ulceration and a pseudomembrane formed
- runny scrambled egg
- neutrophils, debris, and fibrin

granulomatous: caseous
- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells

36
Q

What is the causative agent of inclusion body rhinitis

A

suid herpes virus 2

aka cytalomegalovirus

an opportunistic pathogen

37
Q

What animals does inclusion body rhinitis target

A

2 -5 week old pigs

38
Q

What are the clinical signs and consequences of inclusion body rhinitis

A

catarrhal rhinitis with large cells containing viral inclusion bodies

increased risk for secondary infection

increased morbidity and low mortality

39
Q

What is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

bovine herpesvirus 1

40
Q

How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis transmitted

A

aerosol

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

fever
anorexia
tachypnea
mucopurulent discharge
dyspnea
mucosal hyperemia

42
Q

What are the gross and histologic lesions associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Grossly there are erosions and ulcers of the trachea/larynx/nasal cavity

There will also be hyperemia and pustules and petechiae with a fibronecrotic membrane

Histologically there will be eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions with lymphocytes and neutrophils

43
Q

What are 2 common differentials for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Aspiration of chemical irritants like stomach acid

bovine parainfluenza 3

44
Q

What are 3 causative agents of feline upper respiratory infection

A

feline herpesvirus 1/alphaherpesvirus

feline calcivirus

chalmydiophilia felia

45
Q

What animals are most targeted by feline herpesvirus 1

A

young cats

46
Q

What is the clinical signs associated with feline herpesvirus 1

A

fever
oculonasal discharge
ocular involvement
sneeze and cough

rarely it can cause systemic disease

47
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with feline herpesvirus 1

A

It causes eye/nose crusting and erosions in the nasal mucosa

rarely it can cause tongue ulcers

48
Q

How is feline herpesvirus 1 virus diagnosed

A

Using PCR or virus isolation techniques

49
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with feline calcivirus

A

oral ulceration (unlike feline herpesvirus 1)

eye and nose discharge and conjunctivitis

rarely it can cause virulent and systemic disease but if it does it is fatal and very contagious in kittens
- cutaneous edema and ulcers

50
Q

What is unique about chlamydia as a cause of feline upper resp infection

A

it is a bacteria

the other causes are viruses (herpes and cacivirus)

51
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with chlamydiophilia felis

A

chlamydiosis and chlamydial conjunctivitis

mucopurulent rhinitis

52
Q

What animal does atopic rhinits target

A

6 - 12 week old pigs

53
Q

What is the causative agents of atopic rhinitis

A

depends on if its progressive or non-progressive

non- progressive = Bordatella bronchiseptica

progressive = Pasturella multocida type D (produce toxin that allows colonization)
- can have a coinfection with B. bronchiseptica that produces a dermonecrotic toxin which reduces bone formation and increases bone resorption

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of non-progressive atopic rhinitis

A

mild sneezing and nasal discharge

this is of low significance

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of progressive atopic rhinitis

A

snout distortion and malformation and atrophy of nasal turbinates

56
Q

What are the gross and histologic findings associated with atopic rhinitis

A

Grossly if you section the head behind the 1st and 2nd premolars you see the snout/turbinate distortion

histologically it results in hyperplasia of osteoclasts

57
Q

How is atopic rhinitis diagnosed

A

nasal swabs: you must culture both B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida

PCR or ELISA to detect the toxin

58
Q

What is the causative agent of equine strangles

A

Streptococcus equi equi

59
Q

What animals does equine strangles target

A

young horses

as they age they develop resistance

60
Q

What is a top differential for equine strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

This is because it causes similar clinical disease

But it is commensal (S. equi equi is not commensal)

61
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of equine strangles

A

It causes lymph node abscesses - either submandibular or retropharyngeal

20% will have more complications
- guttoral pouch empyema (inflammation can damage nerves and cause horners syndrome)
- pneumonia
- bastard strangles
- purpura hemorrhagic and vasculitis

62
Q

What does Aspergillus fumigatus look like and where is it found

A

normal in the environment

Looks yellow green or black fungi

63
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillus fumigatus? How does it differ by species

A

It causes suppurative, caseous, or hemorrhagic rhinits

dogs: turbinate lysis. and remodelling

horses: guttoral pouch mycosis and vascular erosion

64
Q

What are 3 causes of fungal rhinitis

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

Cryptococcus (neoformans or gatti)

Rhinosporidiosis

65
Q

What are the species of Cryptococcus that cause fungal rhinitis

A

C. neorformans

C. gatti

66
Q

What animals does Cryptococcus target to cause fungal rhinitis

A

cats mainly

dogs, horses, small ruminants, cattle, birds

it is zoonotic

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of cryptococcus-associated rhinitis

A

nasal discharge and facial swelling

68
Q

What are the histologic signs of cryptococcus-associated rhinitis

A

thick capsule with narrow based budding

69
Q

What is the causative species of Rhinosporidiosis-caused rhinitis

A

R. seeberi

70
Q

What animal does Rhinosporidiosis target

A

dogs mainly

Usually found in wet and tropical areas

71
Q

What are the gross signs associated with Rhinosporidiosis

A

single unilateral nasal polyp

72
Q

What is the pathogenesis os Oestrus ovis

A

The sheep bot fly lays eggs on the nares and they climb into the nose and get stick in the sinuses and turbinates

73
Q

What are the clinical signs of Oestrus ovis infestation

A

fecal irritation and sneezing

if it is very severe there can be secondary infection or inflammation of the brain or meninges

74
Q

What animal does Filaroides osteri target

A

dogs both wild and domestic

75
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Filaroides osteri

A

It forms nodules at the tracheal bifurcation

The 5-15mm meta strongyle eggs are coughed up and swallowed

76
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Filaroides osteri infestation

A

there is very little clinical disease - if it is severe it can cause a chronic cough

77
Q

Describe 3 types of guttoral pouch disease and what causes them

A

mycosis: Aspergillus

empyeme: Streptococcus

tympany: often in young horses due to impairment of the valvular action of the nasopharyngeal orifice

78
Q

What are the clinical consequences of guttoral pouch disease

A

exsanguination
laryngeal paralysis and/or facial paralysis
horners syndrome

79
Q

List the common primary neoplasms of the small animal upper respiratory system in order from most common to least

A
  1. carcinoma - many types
    - dogs = adenocarcinoma
    - cat SCC
  2. chondrosarcoma
  3. fibrosarcoma
  4. osteosarcoma

cats commonly get lymphoma (B cell origin with lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and FeLV positive)

80
Q

What are the common primary neoplasias of horses

A

paranasal sinsus tumors are more likely

carcinomas - SCC

81
Q

What is the enzootic nasal tumor caused by and what animals is it common in

A

Caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus which is a betaretrovirus

type 1 targets sheep

type 2 targets goats

82
Q

What is the effect of enzootic nasal tumor virus

A

causes adenoma development (more common than adenocarcinoma development)

in the ethmoid turbinates

It rarely metastasizes but is locally aggressive

83
Q

What are 3 factors that make the respiratory system vulnerable to insults

A

lots of alveoli surface/exposure

high volume of airflow

high concentration of noxious elements in the air

84
Q

What are the defence mechanisms specific to the conducting airway

A

mucociliary clearance
- mucus

coughing/sneezing

antibodies and lysozyme

85
Q

What are the defence mechanisms specific to the transitional airway

A

club cells

antioxidants

lysozyme

antibodies

86
Q

What are the defence mechanisms specific to the exchange airway

A

alveolar macrophages
intravascular macrophages
opsonizing antibodies
antioxidants
surfactant

87
Q

What are routes of entry pathogens can take to infect the respiratory system

A

aerogenous/inhale: virus/fungi/bacteria/gas/pneumotoxicants

hematogenous: virus/fungi/bacteria/parasite/toxins/pneumotoxicants

direct: wound, foreign body, bite, ruptured esophagus or diaphragm

other insults include lung edema, dehydration, stress, uremia (amonia), immunodeficiency

VETM 425 Sys Path (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions