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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 23: Reproductive 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Reproductive 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the main anatomical structures of the female reproductive tract and where they each develop from

A

ovary: from bipotential gonad, makes ovums

uterine tube - from paramesonephric duct

uterine horn - bicornate (mainly) from paramesonephric duct

uterine body and cervix: formed by fuson of the paramesonephric duct

vagina: for semen deposition and protection from environment
- cranially from fused paramesonephric duct
- caudally from urogenital sinus

vestibule from urogenital sinus

clitoris from external tuberacle

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2
Q

What are common female DSDs

A

normal chromosomal/phenotypic and gonadal but with XXSRY ovarian DSD

aplasia

failure to fuse

failure to fuse with urogenital sinus

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3
Q

What is an example of aplasia as a DSD in females

A

segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct (any part)

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4
Q

What is an example of a failure to fuse DSD in females

A

uterus didelphys

no fusion of the paramesonephric duct resulting in 2 cervixes and 2 uterine bodies

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5
Q

What is an example of a ‘failure to fuse with urogenital sinus’ DSD in females

A

persistant hymen

the paramesonephric duct fails to fuse with the urogenital sinus

can cause hydrometra/mucometria (fluid production with no outflow

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6
Q

What is the function of ovaries? What are the 2 main consequences of dysfunction?

A

function: develop and release ova and produce hormones that potentiate pregnancy

if dynsfunctional = impacts on fertility and hormone production

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7
Q

What are the relevant anatomical structures of the ovary

A

surface epithelium is smooth
-except in dogs (invaginated = form subsurface epithelium)

1 > 2 > 3 follicles > corpus hemorrhagicum > corpus luteum > corpus albicans

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8
Q

What is a differentiating feature of the horse ovary compared to other species

A

the medulla and cortex are inverted
- medulla on outside
- cortex on inside

ovulation fossa releases very large follicles

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9
Q

What are 2 types of disorders that can affect ovaries

A

cysts (peri or intra ovarian)

neoplasia

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10
Q

What are periovarian cysts? What species are they most common in? What is their significance?

A

cysts that form external to the ovary
- usually remnant of the paramesonephric or mesonephric ducts

common in horses

incidental

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11
Q

List 3 types of intraovarian cysts

A

epithelial inclusion cysts

cystic rete ovarii

cystic ovarian follicle/ovarian cysts

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12
Q

What animals are epithelial inclusion cysts most common? How do they form?

A

horses

form around ovulation fossa when surface epithelium pinches off in ovulation and embeds in stroma
- it accumulates with fluid and interferes with ovulation

differentiate it from a follicle because it doesn’t regress

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13
Q

What animals are most affected by cystic rete ovarii

A

dog, cat, guinea pig

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14
Q

What is the rete ovarii

A

remnant of the mesonephric tubules

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15
Q

What is the significance of cystic rete ovarii? What is a common differential?

A

mainly incidental but can be very large in guinea pigs and may need to be removed

ddx = cystic ovarian neoplasm

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16
Q

What are cystic ovarian follicles? What animals are they common in?

A

anovulatory follicles

dairy cows and sows

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17
Q

How do you differentiate an ovarian cyst from a tertiary follicle?

A

ovarian cysts are usually
- larger than follicles
- will persist
- will accompany changes in estrus

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18
Q

What is cystic ovarian disease? What animals does it affect? What are the clinical signs?

A

dairy cows

> 2.5cm cystic ovarian follicle for over 10 days

clinically
- nymphomania (hyperestrogenism)
- anestrus = common sign
- prolonged post-partum period

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19
Q

What causes cystic ovarian disease

A

failure of preovulatory LH surge

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20
Q

What are the gross characteristics of cystic ovarian disease

A

single or multiple cysts either uni or bilateral

may have partial luteinization

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21
Q

List 3 types of neoplasms that commonly affect the ovaries

A

they are usually primary tumors (metastasis to ovaries is rare)

germ cell

sex cord stromal

epithelial (carcinoma or adenoma)

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of germ cell tumors. Provide notable characteristics about the tumor(s)

A

dysgerminoma

teratoma: rare/benign
- multiple germ layers
- can have hair/teeth/bone/cartilage

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23
Q

What is an example of a sex cord stromal tumor

A

granulosa cell tumor

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24
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor of large animals?

A

granulosa cell tumor (sex cord stromal tumor)

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25
What is the clinical presentation and gross features of granulosa cell tumors
clinically: 3 patterns 1. nymphomania due to high estrogen 2. stallion-like behaviour due to high testosterone 3. anestrus due to inhibin these manifest because it is hormonally active gross - unilateral - cystic on cut section with red-brown fluid benign
26
What animals are commonly affected by ovarian carcinomas?
dogs in their subsurface epithelium
27
What is the presenting complaint of ovarian carcinomas?
presenting complaint = ascites due to impaired lymphatic drainage - vessel obstruction in the peritoneum and diaphragm
28
What are the gross features of ovarian carcinoma
multifocal and bilateral (independently develop - not metastasis) papillary projections = shaggy appearance of ovary
29
What is the tumor behaviour of ovarian carcinomas
cause transcoelomic spread and carcinomatosis in abdomen can also metastasize to lymph nodes and organs
30
What causes ovarian carcinoma
unknown
31
What are the layers of the uterus
endometrium - glands myometrium - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle serosa/perimetrium
32
List 4 non-inflammatory lesions of the uterus
cystic endometrial hyperplasia mucometria/hydrometria uterine prolapse subinvolution of placental sites
33
What animals are most affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia? What causes it?
sheep: estrogenic clover ingestion (phytoestrogen) dog/cat: response to uterine diestrus - progesterone primes endometrium, if there is an added irritation it results in hyperplasia
34
What is the gross appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia
cystic and distended endometrial glands
35
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia associated with?
pyometra CEH + pyometra syndrome because CEh can provide a good environment for bacteria
36
What is hydro/muco metria? Why does it occur?
thin watery or thick fluid in uterus not pyometra due to - endometrial hyperplasia - obstruction of uterus/ vagina/cervix
37
What animals are prone to uterine prolapse?
ruminants and sows
38
What are the clinical signs and consequences of uterine prolapse?
clinically: - tenesmus (dystocia/retained placenta/postpartum hypocalcemia) - uterine inertia reduced venous outflow = congestion/edema - concurrent trauma/infection/drying = necrosis - shock = death
39
What animals are affected by subinvolution of placental glands? What is it?
dogs only placental sites/trophoblasts don't completely regress - normally it should involute in 12-15 weeks
40
What are the clinical signs and consequences of subinvolution of placental sites?
clinically: - lots of bloody discharge for months (normal = 1-6 weeks) can lead to... - regenerative anemia - if the animal has a coagulopathy = exsanguination - secondary metritis
41
List 3 inflammatory uterine conditions in the order of severity
endometritis < metritis < pyometra
42
What is endometritis and what is a common condition causing this?
endometrial inflammation post mating endometritis in mares
43
What causes post mating endometritis in mares?
failure to clear semen - impacted by anatomic conformation - some inflammation after insemination is common but usually cleared
44
What are the consequences of post mating endometritis in mares? What are the gross lesions/how is it evaulated?
chronic inflammation leads to edema and fibrosis = infertility - conceptus cannot attach no gross lesions endometrial biopsy can be used to grade - breeding soundness exams
45
What is metritis and what is a common condition causing this?
inflammation of the myometrium post partum endometritis/metritis in cows
46
What is the most important uterine lesion/disease in cows
post partum endometritis/metritis
47
What causes post partum endometritis/metritis in cows
abnormal parturition failure of uterine involution = prolonged lochia - lochia is good for bacterial growth
48
What are the gross features of post partum endometritis/metritis in cows
dark/red-brown uterus chocolate brown fluid
49
What is pyometra? List 2 conditions in which it commonly occurs
pus in the uterine lumen post partum endometritis/metritis in cows dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome
50
What is the common signalment of an animal with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra syndrome
intact female dogs older than 5yo 4-6 weeks post estrus (will be in diestrus because there will be high progesterone and a CL present)
51
What are the clinical signs of CEH-pyometra syndrome
extragenital lesions - depression - dehydration - anorexia - vomit - PU/PD (because bacterial endotoxins disrupt ADH) - vaginal discharge if the cervix is open - immune complex glomerulonephritis - subclinical UTI clinical signs are secondary to endotoxemia and bacteremia
52
What is a common bacterial cause of CEH-pyometra syndrome
E. coli
53
What does genital herpes in female animals cause
vulvovaginitis self limiting - abortion latent/reoccuring
54
What are the types of genital herpes affecting female animals + respective species
cattle = BHV1 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) horse = EHV3 (coital exanthema) cat = FHV1 dog = CHV1
55
How is genital herpes transmitted and what are the gross lesions
venereal transmission gross - vesicular = erosion and ulcers - depigmentation without healing
56
List 5 tubular genitalia neoplasms in females
leiomy (-ome/sarcoma) uterine carcinoma cattle lymphoma canine transmissible venereal tumor squamous cell carcinoma
57
What animals are leiomyoma/leiomyosarcomas most common in
dogs - smooth muscle of uterus/vagina/cervix
58
What is the appearance of leiomyoma/leiomyosarcomas? What is their behaviour?
single or multiple benign hormonally dependent
59
What animals are uterine carcinomas common
rabbit = very common cattle
60
What is the clinical effects and tumor behaviour of uterine carcinoma?
it causes a marked scirrhosis reaction - increase fibrous tissue resulting in constriction it causes transcoelomic spread and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs
61
What causes cattle lymphoma
BLV
62
What is the critical barrier to the mammary glands
The ostium/opening of the papilla blocked by a keratin plug
63
What is the most common causes of mastitis
main cause = ascending bacterial infection via the teat canal/papillary duct second most common is blood borne infection mainly bacterial in origin
64
List the common bacterial types that cause mastitis and where they are found?
obligate mammary pathogens (direct contact transmission) - Strep agalactiae - Staph aureus - Mycoplasma environmental - E. coli - Klebsiella both enviro and mammary - Strep. uberis - Strep. dysgalactiae
65
List 3 types of mastitis
severe necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis suppurative mastitis mycoplasma mastitis
66
What is the causative agent(s) of severe necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis
coliform bacteria (e. coli or highly virulent staph aureus)
67
What are the clinical signs of severe necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis
toxemia resulting in - fever - anorexia -hot firm mammary glands
68
What are bloodwork changes associated with severe necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis
hyperfibrongenemia leukopenia
69
What are the gross lesions associated with severe necrotizing/gangrenous mastitis
srtaw coloured/watery/bloody fluid blue - black cold and soft tissue (gangrene) if she lives = the affected tissue will slough off
70
What is the causative agent(s) of suppurative mastitis
pyogenic gram (+) - low virulence staph aureus - strep dysgalactiae - truperella pyogenes
71
How do you compare suppurative mastitis with severe necrotizing mastitis
there is less necrosis/vascular injury and systemic impact
72
What are the gross lesions associated with suppurative mastitis
increased pus in the lactiferous sinus fibrosis if it is chronic
73
What is the causative agent(s) of mycoplasma mastitis
M. bovis is the most importnat cause via ascending infection of blood borne
74
What are the gross lesions associated with mycoplasma mastitis
yellow/tan well demarcated areas of caseus necrosis
75
A calf presents to you with enzootic pneumonia and otitis media, what should you consider?
mycoplasma mastitis in the dam
76
What are the common features of mammary neoplasias affecting dogs?
common benign
77
How does OHE change the risk of mammary neoplasia and hyperplasia in dogs and cats?
dogs: OHE will reduce the risk of neoplasia - if spayed after the 2nd estrus there is an increased risk compared to spaying earlier cats: - hyperplasia: spay can cure/resolve - neoplasia: there is mixed/inconclusive evidence
78
What are the 3 classifications of canine mammary neoplasias
epithelial tumors complex tumors - epithelial and myoepithelial mixed tumors - epithelial and mesenchymal (bone/cartilage)
79
What is the common signalment for an animal presenting with mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
a young (<2yo) intact female cat they may or may not be on progestin therapy - progesterone can induce
80
What are the clinical signs of mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
single or multiple glands large swollen firm
81
What is the common signalment for a cat with mammary carcinoma
old ~11yo with a single mass that may or may not be ulcerated
82
What is the most common type of mammary carcinoma affecting cats? What is the prognosis?
90% malignant poor prognosis if >3cm very metastatic
83

VETM 425 Sys Path (38 decks)

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