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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 18: Respiratory 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Respiratory 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps to diagnosing pneumonias

A
  1. ensure it is lung disease
    - differentiate from agonal breathing before death, anemia, or acidosis
    - legs may be in a basewide stance in increase respiratory ability
  2. examine the lung
    - necropsy or biopsy
    - TTW/BAL
    - rad/CT/MRI
    - hemogram/biochem/culture + sens/blood gas
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2
Q

List 7 main causes of pneumonia. Give examples.

A

viral (many - herpes common)

bacterial (mycoplasma/mannheimia/pasturella/tuburculosis)

fungi (opportunistic - aspergillus or systemic)

toxin (uncommon - increase risk of bacterial infection)

parasite (lungworm)

allergy (feline asthma syndrome or allergic bronchitis/RAO)

other - aspiration

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3
Q

Define complex/enzootic pneumonia

A

viral infection followed by a bacterial infection causing pneumonia

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4
Q

What is another name for bovine respiratory disease complex? What animals does it mainly effect?

A

shipping fever

3d-3weeks after cattle arrive to feedlots

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5
Q

What causes BRDC

A

multifactorial

enviro + host + pathogen factors

  • stress
  • immunity
  • temp
  • humidity
  • metabolic acidosis (from diet)
  • many pathogens
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6
Q

Explain the 2 hit theory and provide examples

A
  1. viral infection
    - bovine respiratory syncytial virus
    - bovine parainfluenza virus
    - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (herpesvirus 1)
  2. secondary bacterial infection from opportunistic pathogen
    - mannheimia haemolyticum
    - pasturella multocida/histophilus somni/mycoplasma bovis

this results in bronchopneumonia with/or without fibrin

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7
Q

What animals are targeted by enzootic pneumonia of calves? What causes it?

A

<6mo calves (dairy > beef)

multifactorial
- nutrition
- ventilation
- density
- failure of passive immunity transfer
- many agents via the 2 hit theory

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8
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with enzootic pneumonia of calves

A

bronchopneumonia

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9
Q

What is the pathogenic mechanism of bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

It impair alveolar macrophage function resulting in increased risk for secondary infection

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10
Q

What is the gross lesion resulting from bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

bronchinterstitial pneumonia

cranioventrally it is deep red atelectasis and rubbery

caudodorsally it is voluminous, heavy, and fails to collapse

require histo to dx

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11
Q

What is a common differential for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and why?

A

bovine parainfluenza virus 3

because they both have bronchoalveolar epithelial syncytia +/- intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions

they are both grossly a mixed pattern of pneumonia

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12
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with bovine parainfluenza virus 3

A

broncho interstitial pneumonia

cranioventrally it is red-grey atelectasis and rubbery

caudodorsally it is emphysema

require histo to dx

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13
Q

What are the main histologic lesions of bovine parainfluenza virus 3

A

necrosis of airway epithelium

bronchiolitis/bronchitis

same bronchoalveolar epithelial syncytia +/- intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of BRSV

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14
Q

Where does mannheimia haemolyticum come from?

A

commensal in nasopharyx

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15
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with mannheimia haemolyticum infection

A

fibrinous bronchopneumonia

well demarcated necrosis on cut section

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16
Q

What is a characteristic feature of mannheimia haemolyticum in histology

A

oat cells
- lysed neutrophils

lysing on neutrophils due to leukotoxin

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17
Q

What is a common differential for mannheimia haemolyticum

A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

because it also produces a leukotoxin and can produce oat cells

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18
Q

Where does pasturella multocida come from

A

commensal in nasopharynx

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19
Q

What are the gross features of pasturella multicida infection

A

bronchopneumonia classical to brdc
- dark red firm consolidated lungs
- can have fibrin and pleuritis
- well demarcated
- no coagulative necrosis

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20
Q

At necropsy you are presented a cow with cranioventrally well demarcated, dark, red, consolidated lungs with fibrin. What is the condition affecting the lungs called? What are 3 bacterial species that you should suspect and how to confirm which one it is?

A

bronchopneumonia

Pasurella multicoda
Mannheimia haemolyticum
Histophilus somni

need to culture to distinguish
Pasturella usually doesn’t have necrosis whereas Mannheimia does

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21
Q

Where do you get histophilus somni

A

commensal in upper resp

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22
Q

What are some common consequences of Histophilus somni infection

A

bronchopneumonia
pleuritis
pericarditis
polyarthritis
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

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23
Q

Which pneumonia-causing bacteria lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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24
Q

What diagnostic testing should you use if you suspect Mycoplasma

A

use PCR rather than culture

They are very slow growing so it makes culturing them difficult - fast results via PCR

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25
What is an important pathological mechanism of Mycoplasma
they adhere to respiratory epithelium and cause cilia stasis - inhibit the mucociliary apparatus
26
What are the common consequences/gross lesions of Mycoplasma bovis infection
caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia with abscesses - cranioventral distribution with multifocal white raised well demarcated foci of caseous necrosis polyarthritis otitis media also mastitis and secondary infection via Truperella pyogenes it causes a more chronic infection vs other causes of BRDC
27
A bison is submitted for necropsy, you find bronchopneumonia and abscesses. What is a top differential?
Mycoplasma bovis - causes severe disease in bison
28
What animals are targeted by Mycoplasma bovis
cattle bison
29
List 3 main Mycobacterium species in vet med
tuberculosis via M. bovis or M. tuberculosis johnes via M. avium tuberculosis leprosy via M. lepraemurium
30
If you suspect Mycobacteria, how should you confirm/diagnose it
use an acid fast stain dont use a gram stain because there is too much lipid
31
What is the gross presentation of Mycobacterium
tubercles in the retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and mediastinal* LN - nodular mineralized granulomas lung lesions are only in 10-30% of cases - usually in caudal lobes
32
What are the 3 characteristic histologic features of a tubercle from Mycobacterium
central necrosis +/- mineralization small amounts of acid fast bacteria in tubercle/in macrophages rim of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells
33
What type of pneumonia does tuberculosis cause
granulomatous
34
What animals are the wildlife reservoir for tuberculosis
cervids and bison
35
What is something to be cautious about if you suspect tuberculosis
it is zoonotic (M. bovis is lower risk than M. tuberculosis) federally reportable disease (mycobacteria bovis)
36
What does M. bovis stand for?
EITHER Mycobacteria bovis = tuberculosis, federally reportable or Mycoplasma bovis = not reportable
37
What is the pathogenesis of fog fever and what animals does it affect?
It usually occurs in autumn 4-10 d after moving to lush pasture - higher levels of tryptophan in lush pasture in ruminating animals tryptophan is converted to 3-methylindole = toxin young animals - not ruminating yet are resistant
38
What is another name for fog fever
acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema
39
What is a parasite that can affect the lungs of cattle? what lesions does it create?
Dictylocaulus viviparus (lungworm) granulomatous pneumonia
40
What is a parasite that can affect the lungs of small ruminants? what lesions does it create?
Muellaris capillaris (lungworm) granulomatous pneumonia
41
Which 2 small ruminant lentiviruses cause lung disease? What do they cause?
ovine progressive pleuropneumonia aka maedi visna - sheep > goat caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus - goat > sheep they both cause an interstitial pneumonia - also other signs like encephalomyelitis, arthritis, mastitis
42
What small ruminant disease is oncogenic?
ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma caused by jaagsieke sheep retrovirus
43
A sheep is brought in for necropsy, you find heavy, pale lungs with rib impressions on the up side and a rubbery texture. These lesions are primarily affecting the causal lobes. What is a top differential?
ovine progressive pleuropneumonia interstitial pneumonia
44
What are the clinical signs associated with caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
adults get arthritis and kids get encephalitis/neurologic disease - both can get pneumonia but it is less common
45
What are 2 histologic features of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
dense eosinophilic fluid in alveoli type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia
46
What causes porcine respiratory disease complex? Give examples
multifactorial enviro - temp/humidity/air quality animal - stress/immune pathogen - virus - PRRS and PCV2 aka post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (also swine influenza virus) - bacteria - Mycoplasma hypneumoniae (also Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, pasturella multocida)
47
What are the gross lesions associated with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae? What species does it affect?
pigs bronchopneumonia BUT with a caudal dorsal distribution (usually it is cranioventral)
48
What is the agent causing enzootic pneumonia of pigs? What lung lesions does it cause?
Mycoplasma hypneumoniae bronchopneumonia - cranioventral distribution - rubbery firm texture
49
What lung lesions does PRRSV cause
procine repro and resp syndrome causes interstitial pneumonia +/- granulomas - lung fail to collapse - rib impressions - firm texture disease increases susceptibility to bacterial infection
50
What disesae does PCV2 cause
post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
51
What are the main consequences of PCV2 infection
lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression resulting in increased risk for bacterial infection granulomatous bronchointersitial pneumonia
52
What kind of lung lesions does swine influenza cause
broncho interstitial pneumonia - cranioventral atelectasis - large edematous LN
53
Why is swine influenza concerning
because swine have cell receptors for human, avian and swine influenza types and so they can act as a mixing pot for virus recombination
54
What is RAO and what other disease is it similar to
recurrant airway obstruction aka heaves is equine asthma - a reversible airway obstruction due to bronchospasm it is similar to feline asthma
55
What areas of the lung is affected by RAO
small bronchioles and the caudodorsal lung
56
What type of pneumonia does rhodococcus equi cause
pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia - firm raised coalescing nodules
57
What animals does rhodococcus equi target
1-6 month old foals
58
What are 3 clinical manifestations of rhodococcus equi infection
enteritis polyarthritis pneumonia
59
What causes equine bronchopneumonia
multifactorial affecting young horses stress transport general anesthesia environment pathogens - strep equi equi - pasturella multocida - bordatella bronchiseptica
60
What parasite affects the lungs of horses primarily causing chronic cough? What other animals does it infect
Dictylocaulus arnfieldi (lungworm) targets donkeys more than horses
61
What equine parasite causes chronic granulomas in the lungs
round worm - Parascaris equorum nodular lung lesions due to larvae migration
62
What is another name for canine infectious respiratory disease complex? What causes it?
kennel cough multifactorial virus - canine parainfluenza virus - canine adenovirus 2 - canine herpes virus 1 bacteria - bordatella bronchiseptica vaccinate for all of above
63
What causes canine respiratory coronavirus
betacoronavirus only a mild upper resp disease
64
What causes canine influenza and what is its significance?
H3N8 (jumped from horses to racing greyhounds) It can worsen kennel cough
65
What are the consequences of canine herpes virus 1
<8 week old = death > 8 weeks = survive acute respiratory disease
66
What are the consequences of canine adenovirus 2 and how do we protect against it?
fever and a hacking cough vaccinate against CAV2 - will also give cross immunity to CAV1 (infectious hepatitis)
67
What are the clinical signs of canine distemper
respiratory - bronchointerstitial pneumonia GI CNS/nervous
68
What are the gross and histologic lesions associated with canine distemper virus
patchy/diffuse tan - red, rubbery lesions below pleura at lung margins interstitial pneumonia histologically - cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions
69
What causes bronchopneumonia in dogs
multifactorial lowered immune function predisposes - viral infection - immunosuppressive drugs - herperadrenocorticism - diabetes - parvo - environmental stress aspiration pneumonia common in bracheocephalics common pathogens - B bronchiseptica - Streptococcus and Staphylococcus - Pasturella multocida - E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
70
What are the gross consequences associated with B bronchiseptica
tracheobronchitis is more common than bronchopneumonia it is commonly found as a commensal bacteria in resp system - commonly found with mixed pathogen infections
71
List the 4 main agents causing systemic mycoses
blastomyces dermatitidis coccidioides immits cryptococcus neoformans and gatti histoplasma capsulatum
72
What are the 4 main shared features of the agents causing systemic mycoses in cats and dogs
they are primary pathogens and don't need preceding immunosuppression they are zoonotic so you should NOT send for culture they spread via hematogenous or inhale they are dimorphic meaning that the environmental hyphae form is infectious and the form in the body is a yeast which is less infectious
73
What causes blastomycosis? Where is this common?
Blastomyces dermatitidis Mississippi, ohio, st laurence river valley, N ON, MB, mid atlantic states in sandy acidic soil
74
What type of lung lesions does blastomycosis cause
granulomatous pneumonia
75
If you suspect blastomycosis how should you confirm your diagnosis
NO culture PCR call lab for more info about how to dx safely
76
What is the most common systemic mycosis in cats
Cryptococcus
77
What are the crytococcus species causing lung disease? What type of lung disease does it cause?
C. neoformans and gatti granulomatous pneumonia - gelatinous
78
What is valley fever caused by
Coccidioides - usually C. immitis (or posadasii)
79
What animals does valley fever infect
all mammals
80
What are the gross lesions associated with valley fever
granulomatous pneumonia
81
What animals are affected by Histoplasmosis? What species causes disease? Where is it found?
young dogs > cats > horse H. capsulatum Mississippi, ohio, Missouri river valley, Ottawa, st laurence river valley
82
What type of gross and histologic findings are characteristic to histoplasmosis
granulomatous pneumonia intracellular - found inside macrophages is characteristic
83
What parasite commonly affects the lungs of dogs? What are the associated clinical signs
Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) pulmonary hypertension and vascular sclerosis from the worms in the arteries
84
What causes feline respiratory disease complex
multifactorial pathogens virus - feline viral rhinotracheitis (FHV1) - feline calcivirus bacteria - chlamydia felis - mycoplasma felis
85
What is feline asthma
reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation and airway collapse
86
What is feline bronchitis
irreversible airway obstruction due to chronic inflammation can be caused by asthma or chronic infection
87
What causes feline bacterial bronchopneumonia
stress associated opportunistic pathogens - B. bronchiseptica - Pasturella multocida - Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus - E coli (extraintestinal)

VETM 425 Sys Path (38 decks)

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