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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 18: Respiratory 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Respiratory 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps to diagnosing pneumonias

A
  1. ensure it is lung disease
    - differentiate from agonal breathing before death, anemia, or acidosis
    - legs may be in a basewide stance in increase respiratory ability
  2. examine the lung
    - necropsy or biopsy
    - TTW/BAL
    - rad/CT/MRI
    - hemogram/biochem/culture + sens/blood gas
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2
Q

List 7 main causes of pneumonia. Give examples.

A

viral (many - herpes common)

bacterial (mycoplasma/mannheimia/pasturella/tuburculosis)

fungi (opportunistic - aspergillus or systemic)

toxin (uncommon - increase risk of bacterial infection)

parasite (lungworm)

allergy (feline asthma syndrome or allergic bronchitis/RAO)

other - aspiration

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3
Q

Define complex/enzootic pneumonia

A

viral infection followed by a bacterial infection causing pneumonia

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4
Q

What is another name for bovine respiratory disease complex? What animals does it mainly effect?

A

shipping fever

3d-3weeks after cattle arrive to feedlots

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5
Q

What causes BRDC

A

multifactorial

enviro + host + pathogen factors

  • stress
  • immunity
  • temp
  • humidity
  • metabolic acidosis (from diet)
  • many pathogens
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6
Q

Explain the 2 hit theory and provide examples

A
  1. viral infection
    - bovine respiratory syncytial virus
    - bovine parainfluenza virus
    - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (herpesvirus 1)
  2. secondary bacterial infection from opportunistic pathogen
    - mannheimia haemolyticum
    - pasturella multocida/histophilus somni/mycoplasma bovis

this results in bronchopneumonia with/or without fibrin

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7
Q

What animals are targeted by enzootic pneumonia of calves? What causes it?

A

<6mo calves (dairy > beef)

multifactorial
- nutrition
- ventilation
- density
- failure of passive immunity transfer
- many agents via the 2 hit theory

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8
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with enzootic pneumonia of calves

A

bronchopneumonia

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9
Q

What is the pathogenic mechanism of bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

It impair alveolar macrophage function resulting in increased risk for secondary infection

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10
Q

What is the gross lesion resulting from bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

bronchinterstitial pneumonia

cranioventrally it is deep red atelectasis and rubbery

caudodorsally it is voluminous, heavy, and fails to collapse

require histo to dx

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11
Q

What is a common differential for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and why?

A

bovine parainfluenza virus 3

because they both have bronchoalveolar epithelial syncytia +/- intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions

they are both grossly a mixed pattern of pneumonia

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12
Q

What is the gross lesion associated with bovine parainfluenza virus 3

A

broncho interstitial pneumonia

cranioventrally it is red-grey atelectasis and rubbery

caudodorsally it is emphysema

require histo to dx

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13
Q

What are the main histologic lesions of bovine parainfluenza virus 3

A

necrosis of airway epithelium

bronchiolitis/bronchitis

same bronchoalveolar epithelial syncytia +/- intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of BRSV

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14
Q

Where does mannheimia haemolyticum come from?

A

commensal in nasopharyx

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15
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with mannheimia haemolyticum infection

A

fibrinous bronchopneumonia

well demarcated necrosis on cut section

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16
Q

What is a characteristic feature of mannheimia haemolyticum in histology

A

oat cells
- lysed neutrophils

lysing on neutrophils due to leukotoxin

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17
Q

What is a common differential for mannheimia haemolyticum

A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

because it also produces a leukotoxin and can produce oat cells

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18
Q

Where does pasturella multocida come from

A

commensal in nasopharynx

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19
Q

What are the gross features of pasturella multicida infection

A

bronchopneumonia classical to brdc
- dark red firm consolidated lungs
- can have fibrin and pleuritis
- well demarcated
- no coagulative necrosis

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20
Q

At necropsy you are presented a cow with cranioventrally well demarcated, dark, red, consolidated lungs with fibrin. What is the condition affecting the lungs called? What are 3 bacterial species that you should suspect and how to confirm which one it is?

A

bronchopneumonia

Pasurella multicoda
Mannheimia haemolyticum
Histophilus somni

need to culture to distinguish
Pasturella usually doesn’t have necrosis whereas Mannheimia does

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21
Q

Where do you get histophilus somni

A

commensal in upper resp

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22
Q

What are some common consequences of Histophilus somni infection

A

bronchopneumonia
pleuritis
pericarditis
polyarthritis
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

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23
Q

Which pneumonia-causing bacteria lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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24
Q

What diagnostic testing should you use if you suspect Mycoplasma

A

use PCR rather than culture

They are very slow growing so it makes culturing them difficult - fast results via PCR

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25
Q

What is an important pathological mechanism of Mycoplasma

A

they adhere to respiratory epithelium and cause cilia stasis
- inhibit the mucociliary apparatus

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26
Q

What are the common consequences/gross lesions of Mycoplasma bovis infection

A

caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia with abscesses
- cranioventral distribution with multifocal white raised well demarcated foci of caseous necrosis
polyarthritis
otitis media

also mastitis and secondary infection via Truperella pyogenes

it causes a more chronic infection vs other causes of BRDC

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27
Q

A bison is submitted for necropsy, you find bronchopneumonia and abscesses. What is a top differential?

A

Mycoplasma bovis
- causes severe disease in bison

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28
Q

What animals are targeted by Mycoplasma bovis

A

cattle
bison

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29
Q

List 3 main Mycobacterium species in vet med

A

tuberculosis via M. bovis or M. tuberculosis

johnes via M. avium tuberculosis

leprosy via M. lepraemurium

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30
Q

If you suspect Mycobacteria, how should you confirm/diagnose it

A

use an acid fast stain

dont use a gram stain because there is too much lipid

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31
Q

What is the gross presentation of Mycobacterium

A

tubercles in the retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and mediastinal* LN
- nodular mineralized granulomas

lung lesions are only in 10-30% of cases - usually in caudal lobes

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32
Q

What are the 3 characteristic histologic features of a tubercle from Mycobacterium

A

central necrosis +/- mineralization

small amounts of acid fast bacteria in tubercle/in macrophages

rim of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells

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33
Q

What type of pneumonia does tuberculosis cause

A

granulomatous

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34
Q

What animals are the wildlife reservoir for tuberculosis

A

cervids and bison

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35
Q

What is something to be cautious about if you suspect tuberculosis

A

it is zoonotic (M. bovis is lower risk than M. tuberculosis)

federally reportable disease (mycobacteria bovis)

36
Q

What does M. bovis stand for?

A

EITHER
Mycobacteria bovis = tuberculosis, federally reportable
or
Mycoplasma bovis = not reportable

37
Q

What is the pathogenesis of fog fever and what animals does it affect?

A

It usually occurs in autumn 4-10 d after moving to lush pasture
- higher levels of tryptophan in lush pasture

in ruminating animals tryptophan is converted to 3-methylindole = toxin

young animals - not ruminating yet are resistant

38
Q

What is another name for fog fever

A

acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema

39
Q

What is a parasite that can affect the lungs of cattle? what lesions does it create?

A

Dictylocaulus viviparus (lungworm)

granulomatous pneumonia

40
Q

What is a parasite that can affect the lungs of small ruminants? what lesions does it create?

A

Muellaris capillaris (lungworm)

granulomatous pneumonia

41
Q

Which 2 small ruminant lentiviruses cause lung disease? What do they cause?

A

ovine progressive pleuropneumonia aka maedi visna
- sheep > goat

caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus
- goat > sheep

they both cause an interstitial pneumonia
- also other signs like encephalomyelitis, arthritis, mastitis

42
Q

What small ruminant disease is oncogenic?

A

ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma caused by jaagsieke sheep retrovirus

43
Q

A sheep is brought in for necropsy, you find heavy, pale lungs with rib impressions on the up side and a rubbery texture. These lesions are primarily affecting the causal lobes. What is a top differential?

A

ovine progressive pleuropneumonia

interstitial pneumonia

44
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

A

adults get arthritis and kids get encephalitis/neurologic disease
- both can get pneumonia but it is less common

45
Q

What are 2 histologic features of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

A

dense eosinophilic fluid in alveoli

type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia

46
Q

What causes porcine respiratory disease complex? Give examples

A

multifactorial

enviro - temp/humidity/air quality
animal - stress/immune
pathogen
- virus - PRRS and PCV2 aka post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (also swine influenza virus)
- bacteria - Mycoplasma hypneumoniae (also Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, pasturella multocida)

47
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae? What species does it affect?

A

pigs

bronchopneumonia BUT with a caudal dorsal distribution (usually it is cranioventral)

48
Q

What is the agent causing enzootic pneumonia of pigs? What lung lesions does it cause?

A

Mycoplasma hypneumoniae

bronchopneumonia
- cranioventral distribution
- rubbery firm texture

49
Q

What lung lesions does PRRSV cause

A

procine repro and resp syndrome causes interstitial pneumonia +/- granulomas
- lung fail to collapse
- rib impressions
- firm texture

disease increases susceptibility to bacterial infection

50
Q

What disesae does PCV2 cause

A

post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

51
Q

What are the main consequences of PCV2 infection

A

lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression resulting in increased risk for bacterial infection

granulomatous bronchointersitial pneumonia

52
Q

What kind of lung lesions does swine influenza cause

A

broncho interstitial pneumonia
- cranioventral atelectasis
- large edematous LN

53
Q

Why is swine influenza concerning

A

because swine have cell receptors for human, avian and swine influenza types and so they can act as a mixing pot for virus recombination

54
Q

What is RAO and what other disease is it similar to

A

recurrant airway obstruction aka heaves is equine asthma
- a reversible airway obstruction due to bronchospasm

it is similar to feline asthma

55
Q

What areas of the lung is affected by RAO

A

small bronchioles and the caudodorsal lung

56
Q

What type of pneumonia does rhodococcus equi cause

A

pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia
- firm raised coalescing nodules

57
Q

What animals does rhodococcus equi target

A

1-6 month old foals

58
Q

What are 3 clinical manifestations of rhodococcus equi infection

A

enteritis
polyarthritis
pneumonia

59
Q

What causes equine bronchopneumonia

A

multifactorial affecting young horses

stress
transport
general anesthesia
environment

pathogens
- strep equi equi
- pasturella multocida
- bordatella bronchiseptica

60
Q

What parasite affects the lungs of horses primarily causing chronic cough? What other animals does it infect

A

Dictylocaulus arnfieldi (lungworm)

targets donkeys more than horses

61
Q

What equine parasite causes chronic granulomas in the lungs

A

round worm - Parascaris equorum

nodular lung lesions due to larvae migration

62
Q

What is another name for canine infectious respiratory disease complex? What causes it?

A

kennel cough

multifactorial

virus
- canine parainfluenza virus
- canine adenovirus 2
- canine herpes virus 1

bacteria
- bordatella bronchiseptica

vaccinate for all of above

63
Q

What causes canine respiratory coronavirus

A

betacoronavirus

only a mild upper resp disease

64
Q

What causes canine influenza and what is its significance?

A

H3N8 (jumped from horses to racing greyhounds)

It can worsen kennel cough

65
Q

What are the consequences of canine herpes virus 1

A

<8 week old = death
> 8 weeks = survive
acute respiratory disease

66
Q

What are the consequences of canine adenovirus 2 and how do we protect against it?

A

fever and a hacking cough

vaccinate against CAV2 - will also give cross immunity to CAV1 (infectious hepatitis)

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine distemper

A

respiratory - bronchointerstitial pneumonia

GI

CNS/nervous

68
Q

What are the gross and histologic lesions associated with canine distemper virus

A

patchy/diffuse tan - red, rubbery lesions below pleura at lung margins

interstitial pneumonia

histologically - cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions

69
Q

What causes bronchopneumonia in dogs

A

multifactorial

lowered immune function predisposes
- viral infection
- immunosuppressive drugs
- herperadrenocorticism
- diabetes
- parvo
- environmental stress

aspiration pneumonia common in bracheocephalics

common pathogens
- B bronchiseptica
- Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
- Pasturella multocida
- E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

70
Q

What are the gross consequences associated with B bronchiseptica

A

tracheobronchitis is more common than bronchopneumonia

it is commonly found as a commensal bacteria in resp system
- commonly found with mixed pathogen infections

71
Q

List the 4 main agents causing systemic mycoses

A

blastomyces dermatitidis

coccidioides immits

cryptococcus neoformans and gatti

histoplasma capsulatum

72
Q

What are the 4 main shared features of the agents causing systemic mycoses in cats and dogs

A

they are primary pathogens and don’t need preceding immunosuppression

they are zoonotic so you should NOT send for culture

they spread via hematogenous or inhale

they are dimorphic meaning that the environmental hyphae form is infectious and the form in the body is a yeast which is less infectious

73
Q

What causes blastomycosis? Where is this common?

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Mississippi, ohio, st laurence river valley, N ON, MB, mid atlantic states

in sandy acidic soil

74
Q

What type of lung lesions does blastomycosis cause

A

granulomatous pneumonia

75
Q

If you suspect blastomycosis how should you confirm your diagnosis

A

NO culture

PCR
call lab for more info about how to dx safely

76
Q

What is the most common systemic mycosis in cats

A

Cryptococcus

77
Q

What are the crytococcus species causing lung disease? What type of lung disease does it cause?

A

C. neoformans and gatti

granulomatous pneumonia - gelatinous

78
Q

What is valley fever caused by

A

Coccidioides
- usually C. immitis (or posadasii)

79
Q

What animals does valley fever infect

A

all mammals

80
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with valley fever

A

granulomatous pneumonia

81
Q

What animals are affected by Histoplasmosis? What species causes disease? Where is it found?

A

young dogs > cats > horse

H. capsulatum

Mississippi, ohio, Missouri river valley, Ottawa, st laurence river valley

82
Q

What type of gross and histologic findings are characteristic to histoplasmosis

A

granulomatous pneumonia

intracellular - found inside macrophages is characteristic

83
Q

What parasite commonly affects the lungs of dogs? What are the associated clinical signs

A

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)

pulmonary hypertension and vascular sclerosis from the worms in the arteries

84
Q

What causes feline respiratory disease complex

A

multifactorial

pathogens
virus
- feline viral rhinotracheitis (FHV1)
- feline calcivirus

bacteria
- chlamydia felis
- mycoplasma felis

85
Q

What is feline asthma

A

reversible airway obstruction due to inflammation and airway collapse

86
Q

What is feline bronchitis

A

irreversible airway obstruction due to chronic inflammation

can be caused by asthma or chronic infection

87
Q

What causes feline bacterial bronchopneumonia

A

stress associated

opportunistic pathogens
- B. bronchiseptica
- Pasturella multocida
- Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
- E coli (extraintestinal)

VETM 425 Sys Path (21 decks)

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