Lecture 10: GI 1 (oral) Flashcards
What 3 animals are obligate nasal breathers
equine
rodent
rabbit
How does the oral anatomy of a horse contribute to the development of disease*
They are obligate nasal breathers. If the soft palate becomes dorsally displaced this can cause dz. common in racehorses
What gross oral pathological feature is associated with a mineral deficiency in birds?*
Cockateils with vitamin A def. have blunted choanal papillae
What are the anatomical layers of the tooth and their features?
From hardest to softest is enamel, dentin, and cementum
The tooth sits in the alveoli and is held by the peridontal ligament. The pulp cavity provides blood and nerve supply
Compare brachydont and hypsodont teeth
Brachydont teeth are low crowned and have enamel on the crown only. Typical of humans, carnivores, and swine.
Hypsodont teeths have a high croms with layers of invaginated enamel in the infundibulum. They grow throughout the animals life and are typical to herbivores
Compare the oral structures of large animals
Cheek teeth: PM or M, sit close to the maxillary sinus
ruminant: have a dental pad
equine: may or may not have wolf teeth (1st PM) and the upper arcade is wider than the lower
What is unique to the structure of carnivore oral anatomy
carnassial teeth” used to shear - formed from the upper 4th PM and the lower 1st M
List the main salivary glands
parotid
sublingual
buccal
maxillary
Define cheiloschisis*
cleft lip, a congenital malformation of the mouth
Define palatoschisis*
cleft palate, a congenital malformation of the mouth
What are the consequences of facial clefts
aspiration pneumonia and a reduced ability to suckle (may have milk dripping from nose)
What are the general causes of facial clefts
congenital
Due to genetics, drugs, toxins, infectious (viral is more common)
What is brachygnathia*
The shortening of either the maxilla or the mandible
If the mandible is shortened it is ‘brachygnathia inferior’
- parrotmouth horse
If the maxilla is shortened it is ‘brachygnathia superior’
- Brachyocephalics
What is prognathia*
The congenital elongation of the mandible
Inflammation of the oral cavity aka:
stomatitis
Inflammation of the lips aka
chelitis
Inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
Inflammation of the tonsils
tonsilitis
Inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
What is a FORL? Where does it present grossly?*
feline odontoclast resorptive lesion
They begin at the gumline, usually the subgingival neck or the upper crown root of the cheek teeth
they are painful, common and idiopathic
What is EOTRH? Where does it present grossly?*
equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis
aka. cementoblastoma (old term)
Commonly affecting the canine or incisors causing cemental hyperplasia and bone lysis
This is progressive and painful disease of older horses
What species is commonly affected by odontogenic dysplasia?*
rodents commonly
What is the gross features of odontogenic dysplasia?
a bumpy mandible (hard nodular swellings) - but you should ensure that the bumpy mandible is not normal for the species
It impacts the enamel, dentin, and cementum resulting in hypersalivation, malocclusion, and emaciation
What are CUPS? Where does it present grossly?*
chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis
Primarily affecting the maxillary canine and carnassial teeth - usually where the teeth are in contact with the mucosa resulting in gingivitis, plaques, and calculus
What species does CUPS primarily target? What is a consequence of CUPS?
aka. kissing ulcers (but not specific for CUPS)
mid-age white dogs
Can result in a hypersensitivity reaction to gram negative bacteria
What is another name for oral necrobacillosis*
Calf diptheria
(or necrotic laryngitis)
What causes oral necrobacillosis*
Fusobacterium necrophorum an anaerobic bacteria often found secondary to mucosal damage (trauma/infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/papular stomatitis)
What species does oral necrobacillosis target*
young calves
(usually mucosal surfaces, pharynx, larynx, tonsils)
What are the gross lesions of calf diphtheria?*
dry yellow grey well demarcated areas of necrosis with a hyperemic rim = flower-like lesions
What are the histologic findings of calf diphtheria
uniquely long and skinny (filamentous) bacteria
How to confirm a diagnosis of oral necrobacillosis*
use an anaerobic culture and histo findings
What is another name for actinobacillosis?*
wooden tongue
What is the agent causing wooden tongue?*
Actinobacillus lignieresii a gram negative bacteria that is often found commensally
What species does actinobacillosis target?
cattle
sheep
pigs
wild ruminants
What are the gross features of wooden tongue
a swollen and hard tongue that may extend into the oral cavity and lymph nodes
What are the histological features of actinobacillosis?*
pyogranulomatous inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages)
sulfur granules (splendore-hoeppli)
It is difficult to culture - crushing the sulfur granules may improve
What is the main difference between wooden tongue and lumpy jaw*
Wooden tongue is caused by Actinobacillus ligneresii a gram negative bacteria
Lumpy jaw is caused by Actinomyces bovis a gram positive bacteria
What is another name for thrush*
oral candidiasis
What is the agent causing oral candidiasis*
Candida albicans
What species does oral candidiasis target
any
Usually young, weaning, or on abx
What are the gross lesions of oral candidiasis*
pale, yellow-grey pseudomembrane on oral mucosa or anywhere in GI
can occur in the esophagus or even stomach
What is the histological features of thrush
yeast and hyphae in the keratinized layer
What are the common features of vesicular stomatitdes*
Comprised of 4 main viruses
Each have identical gross and histological features
They all have high morbidity and low mortality
They are all reportable (except for the vesicular exanthema of swine)
They all have significant impacts on trade and productions
What is a vesicle and a bulla*
vesicle: a blister - an accumulation of serous fluid
bulla: a bigger vesicle
Often they are short lived - when they rupture they become ulcers
What are common causes of vesicles in small animals*
calcivirus or immune mediated dz (autoantibodies against the epidermis or lamina propria resulting in the clefting of cells)
What are the big 4 vesicular stomatitdes*
foot and mouth dz
vesicular stomatitis
vesicular exanthema of swine
swine vesicular dz
What is the agent causing FMD*
foot and mouth disease virus
(from the family picornaviridae - it is environmentally resistant)
What species does FMD target*
cloven hoofed animals and asiatic black bears
NOT horses
What are the clinical signs of FMD*
myocarditis mortality in neonates
vesicles on the mouth, feet, mammary glands
result in reduced production/febrile
Where is FMD located
enzootic in Africa, asia, europe, and south america resulting in trade restrictions
CFIA reportable
What is the agent causing vesicular stomatitis and what taxonomic family does it belong to?
vesicular stomatitis virus from Rhabdoviridae
How is vesicular stomatitis virus transmitted?
It is transmitted in warm weather via insects or direct contact.
What species does vesicular stomatitis virus affect?*
It primarily affects horses but can also affect cows, pigs, and wildlife (deer/rodent/raccoon).
It is zoonotic
It does NOT affect small ruminants
How does vesicular stomatitis virus present clinically?
Vesicles on the mouth, feet, mammary glands
Potentially frothing at the mouth due to hypersalivation
Where is vesicular stomatitis virus located?*
It is enzootic in south america and sporadic in north America
What is the agent causing vesicular exanthema of swine and what taxonomic family is it from?
vesicular exanthema of swine virus from the family calciviridae
What species does vesicular exanthema of swine target?*
Pigs along with sea lions
In sea lions it is called the San Miguel Seal Lion virus)
How is vesicular exanthema of swine transmitted
Transmission via ingestion of raw pig waste or raw ocean fish contaminated with pig waste
What agent causes swine vesicular disease and what taxonomic family is it from?
swine vesicular disease virus from the family Picornaviridae
How is swine vesicular disease transmitted and what species does it affect?
It targets pigs when they consume raw pork
How does swine vesicular disease present clinically?*
It causes vesicles on the coronary band, heel, oral cavity, and mammary glands along with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and meninges)
What is a non-reportable disease that can mimic the vesicular stomatitides viruses*
The seneca valley virus
What species does the seneca valley virus target*
Pigs
What agent causes seneca valley virus and what taxonomic family does it come from?
senecavirusA from the family Picornavirus
What vesicular virus targets small animals and what are the clinical signs?
feline calcivirus causes respiratory disease and lingual and oropharyngeal ulcers
What agent causes bovine papular stomatitis and what taxonomic genus is it from?*
Bovine papular stomatitis virus from Parapox virus
What species does bovine papular stomatitis target?*
calves and it is also zoonotic
What are the clinical features of bovine papular stomatitis
It is usually subclinical and can cause immunosuppression resulting in secondary infection
What are the gross lesions of bovine popular stomatitis*
targetoid lesions (tan center and red outside) on the hard and soft palate with scalloped lesions around the teeth
What is another name for orf?*
contagious ecthyma
(or contagious pustular dermatitis)
What is the agent causing orf?*
Parapox virus
What species does orf target?*
sheep/goats/musk ox
It is zoonotic
What are the gross lesions of orf?*
proliferative scab lesions on the face, udder, lip, feet, oral cavity
What are 3 diseases that can result in bovine ulcerative stomatitis?*
bovine viral diarrhea virus
malignant catarrhal fever
rinderpest (eradicated)
What are rodent ulcers and what species does it occur in?
Also known as eosinophilic ulcers that target cats
They are part of the granulomatous complex (eosinophilic ulcers, plaques and linear granulomas)
What are the clinical features of eosinophilic ulcers and how are they acquired?
They are idiopathic and cause ulcers at the mucocutaneous junctions of the lips
What are the gross and histologic lesions of eosinophilic ulcers?
Grossly they are shallow and well-demarcated ulcers and histologically there are neutrophils, plasma cells, and mast cells with or without eosinophils
How does renal disease lead to ulcerative stomatitis and what lesions does it lead to?*
It causes uremia. The increased blood urea results in ammonia production in the mouth due to bacterial metabolism and caustic environment ensues.
This is most common in dogs, and also occurs in cats.
Clinically it presents as bilateral grey-brown ulcers on the tongue, inner lips, and gums.
What is inflammation of the salivary glands?*
sialoadenitis
What are the 3 types of diseases related to the salivary gland
ranula
sialocele
sialolith
What is a ranula? What does it look like?
It is an obstruction of the salivary duct resulting in duct dilation. Grossly this looks like a smooth round fluctuant cystic mass on the bottom of the mouth
What is a sialocele? What does it look like?
It is the accumulation of salivary secretion in the neck in the SC tissue. This is due to trauma or duct rupture.
What is a sialolith?
A salivary ‘stone’
What is the second most common cause of gingival biopsy? What species does it occur in the most?*
diffuse hyperplasia which is common in boxers as well as Swedish foxes
It can displace teeth
What is the agent causing oral papillomatosis in bovine, equine, and dogs *
dog: canine papilloma virus 1
bovine: papilloma virus 4
equine: equus caballus papillomavirus 1
usually targets young animals
What are the gross and histologic lesions of oral papillomatosis? Prognosis?
Grossly they are multifocal, proliferative, and cauliflower like lesions. Histologically they have intranuclear inclusions.
They spontaneously regress most of the time
What is another name for fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin?*
peripheral odontogenic fibroma
(or epulis)
What is the #1 cause of gingival biopsy?*
fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin or peripheral odontogenic fibroma
What species does FEPLO commonly affect?
dogs
What are the gross and histologic lesions of FEPLO?*
Grossly it is firm, grey-pink, nodular mushroom-like lesions around the teeth, usually carnassial or canines.
Histologically it contains stroma like the periodontal ligament.
*It is scary looking and difficult to remove but benign (no bone invasion)
What are the 3 most common non-odontogenic tumors in the mouth of a dog*
- melanoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- fibrosarcoma
What are the 4 most common non-odontogenic tumors in the mouth of a cat*
- SCC
- fibrosarcoma
- lymphoma
- melanoma
What species does canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma occur in? What type of mass is it?*
common in dogs only
It locally invades bone but doesn’t metastasize
What are the gross and histologic features of canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma
grey-pink papillary and nodular growths around the alveolus
Histologically there are odontogenic epithelium sheets
How do you distinguish FEPLO and canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma?*
Use radiographs to see if there is bone invasion. If not it is FEPLO.
Or look at histo. In FEPLO it will look like the stroma of the periodontal ligament
What are the gross lesions of squamous cell carcinoma*
Grossly it forms irregular nodules and ulcers that are locally invasive into the bone. Commonly found on the ventral tongue > gingiva > tonsils
What are the behavioural and histologic characteristics of malignant melanoma? What species is it common in?*
It is the #1 most common oral tumor in dogs but is rare in cats. It is aggressive and will metastasize very fast. The metastasis or aggression of the tumor is not correlated with the pigmentation.
Histologically it may or may not have pigment and can have a varied appearance and thus has a risk of misdiagnosis.
How do you diagnose malignant melanoma at necropsy?*
Cut the lesion and rub it on a surface. If it smudges black that it confirms melanoma. Normal would be red (hemorrhage)
What species is fibrosarcoma common in and how does it behave?*
It is the 2nd most common oral tumor in dogs usually targeting young large breed dogs like golden retrievers
In cats it is the 3rd most common oral tumor
It grows a lot and can invade local tissue. There is a high chance of recurrence after excision
What are the gross and histologic features of fibrosarcoma? How does histological features impact tumor behaviour clinically?*
Grossly there is unilateral swelling on the face resulting in ‘potato face’
Histologically is it quite boring. A high-low fibrosarcoma is when the tumor is boring histologically but aggressive clinically
