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VETM 425 Sys Path > Lecture 13: GI 4 (lower GI) > Flashcards

Lecture 13: GI 4 (lower GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a proliferative enteropathy?

A

gross thickening of the intestine

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2
Q

What is another name for Johnes disease?

A

bovine paratuberculosis

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3
Q

What is the causative agent for Johnes disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

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4
Q

What animals are affected by Johnes disease?

A

It can affect any domestic ruminant over 18 months of age

They can become infected at any time but clinical signs don’t start showing until 1yo

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5
Q

How is Johnes disease transmitted?

A

fecal oral is the main mode

also via colostrum, milk, or water

rarely via semen, urine or trans-placental

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of Johnes disease?

A

It causes chronic diarrhea, emaciation, and hypoproteinemia

Usually occurs after a longer period of subclinical incubation

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7
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of Jones disease?*

A

Grossly Johnes presents as segmental cereblliform thickening in the ileum mainly, also in the cecum and proximal colon. It can cause large mesenteric lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. The lymphadenitis is more prominent in small ruminants

Histologically the lamina propria is infiltrated by macrophages. There is also transmural inflammation, You can see the macrophages with acid fast bacilli

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8
Q

What human disease is Johnes linked with?*

A

Crohnes

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9
Q

What is the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy?*

A

Lawsonia intracellularis which is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria with an S shape

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10
Q

What species does porcine proliferative enteropathy target?

A

It targets pigs over horses

It can also target deer, rabbits, dogs, primates, and hamsters

It targets animals from 3 weeks old to adults

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11
Q

What is the clinical sign of porcine proliferative enteropathy?

A

it kills pigs fast

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12
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of porcine proliferative enteropathy?*

A

The gross features include cerebelliform thickening in the small intestine primarily in the ileum and large intestine

Histologically it results in the proliferation and hyperplasia of crypt epithelium which can be seen with a silver stain

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13
Q

What is the agent causing swine dysentery?*

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae which is a spirochete bacteria

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14
Q

What animal does swine dysentery affect?

A

pigs that range from 8 weeks old to adults

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15
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with swine dysentery?*

A

Grossly it appears in the large intestine only with the mucohemorrhagic and fibrinous colitis

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16
Q

What is another name for potomac horse fever

A

equine neorickettsiosis

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17
Q

What is the agent causing potomac horse fever?*

A

Neorickettsia risticii which is an obligate intracellular bacteria

A new species is also emerging
Neorickettsia finleia sp. nov

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18
Q

Explain the lifecycle of the agent causing potomac horse fever. Why is understanding this important?*

A

This is transmitted by a trematode (aka fluke) as an intermediate host. It is passed to aquatic insect and snails. Snails and aquatic insects are accidentally ingested by horses.

This is important because the prevalence of this disease is seasonal. It is more common in the summer because there are more snails. It also means that a risk factor for infection is having standing water in pastures

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of potomac horse fever?*

A

laminitis*

also fever, leukopenia, depression, reduced appetite, diarrhea, peripheral limb edema and colic

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20
Q

What are the gross features of potomac horse fever?*

A

Stinky fluid filled large intestine and lots of edema. The small intestine is not as affected. Also patchy mucosal hyperemia

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21
Q

What is one thing to remember when diagnosing potomac horse fever?*

A

IDEXX diarrhea panel doesn’t pick up this disease

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22
Q

What are the species affected by Clostridium difficile?*

A

horses and pigs are mainly affected.

Also rabbit, cat, sage grouse

zoonotic!

Typically affecting younger animals but it can affect at any age. It is also often found in the feces of normal healthy animals

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23
Q

What is the primary risk factor associated with Clostridium difficile infection?*

A

abx treatment because it can cause dysbiosis

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24
Q

What are the gross features of Clostridium difficile?*

A

increased hyperemia and hemorrhage along with hemorrhagic intestinal contents

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25
Q

What are the specific species causing Salmonellosis?

A

There are many serovars. Primarily
- S. typhimurium
- S. dublin

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26
Q

What species/animals are affected by Salmonellosis?*

A

S. Typhimurium affects pigs, horses, foals, and calves

S. dublin affects cattle

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27
Q

What is a common cause of chronic rectal strictures in pigs?*

A

Salmonella typhimurium infection

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28
Q

What is the impact of S. typhimurium on horses?

A

In adult horses there are many carriers but few show clinical disease. Disease is brought on by stress such as hospitalization or abx treatment.

In foals it can cause a fatal septicemia which is indicated by bright green diarrhea, fibrin casts and blood.

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29
Q

What is the impact of Salmonella on cattle?*

A

S. dublin affects adult cattle causing fibrinous cholecystitis which results in a fibrin clot in the gallbladder. It is also an emerging cause of septicemia in dairy calves.

S. typhimurium causes enteritis in calves.

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30
Q

A cattle is brought in for a necropsy and a fibrin clot is found in the gallbladder. What does this indicate?*

A

fibrinous cholecystitis due to S. dublin infection

a fibrin clot in the gallbladder is pathognomonic for this condition

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31
Q

What are the general clinical signs associated with Salmonellosis?

A

Diarrhea
Localized enterocolitis with lesions affecting both the large and small intestine but more severe in the ileum

Septicemia can occur depending on the species

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32
Q

What are the gross features of Salmonellosis?

A

fibronecrotizing or catarrhal enteritis and typhlocolitis along with yellow-green hemorrhagic feces

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33
Q

A pig is brought in for necropsy and button ulcers are found in the small and large intestine, and most severe in the ileum. What is a top differential?

A

Salmonellosis can cause button ulcers in pigs, particularly S. typhimurium

34
Q

What are the histologic features associated with Salmonellosis?

A

It can cause multifocal full thickness necrosis and vascular congestion, edema, and intravascular fibrin thrombi (a rare outcome)

35
Q

What are the agents causing BVDV?

A

BVDV 1 or 2 can be the cytopathic or non-cytopathic forms.

BVDV 3 is an emerging type which is a HoBi-like virus

36
Q

Describe how the clinical signs of BVDV can be influenced by the its transmission?*

A

If the calf is infected early as a fetus it will cause embryonic death and abortion. If it is infected a bit later in utero it will cause a persistent infection and possibly congenital malformations. PI’s can develop mucosal disease when the non-cytopathic form transforms to the cytopathic form

Infection when an immunocompetant calf is over 6 months old will lead to a classical presentation of disease. It will cause a high morbidity and low mortality as infection is with a non cytopathic form

At any age, an infection with BVDV2 can lead to severe acute disease causing high mortality and morbidity. Clinically it can cause diarrhea, pneumonia, and death

37
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with BVDV infection?*

A

A classical lesion of the disease are linear esophageal ulcers.

Additionally necrosis and hemorrhage of peyers patches

Also erosion and ulceration in the mouth, rumen, abomasum, cecum, and colon. Diarrhea and enlarged mesentaric LN.

Interdigital dermatitis and coronitis

38
Q

If a cow has BVDV what are differential diagnoses that should be considered?*

A

The big 4 vesicular diseases due to the ulceration/erosion in the mouth, rumen, colon, cecum, and abomasum

swine vesicular disease
vesicular exanthema of swine
foot and mouth disease
vesicular stomatitis

39
Q

What type of sample should you collect to diagnose a malassimilation or protein losing syndrome?*

A

a full thickness biopsy of the GIT

40
Q

What are the general clinical signs of a malassimilation or protein losing syndrome?

A

chronic diarrhea
weight loss
hypoproteinemia
reduced absorption of nutrients
ascites
edema

41
Q

What animal does lymphangiectasia target?*

A

dogs, mainly yorkies or norweigan lundehunds

42
Q

What causes the development of lymphangiectasia?

A

It is either congenital and associated with the breed or acquired due to neoplasia (lymphoma), inflammation, or idiopathic. All of the acquired forms of this disease result because of an obstruction to the normal flow of lymph

43
Q

What are the gross features of lymphangiectasia?*

A

dilated lacteals which look like white spots on the mucosa. The lymph vessels in the mesentary and serosa can also be dilated

Segmentally thickened mucosa

44
Q

What are the histologic features of lymphangiectasia?*

A

There are dilated and tortuous lymph vessels potentially with granulomatous inflammation due to the leakage of lymph (it forms a lipogranuloma due to a foreign body reaction.

45
Q

What is another name for histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers?

A

granulomatous colitis of boxers

46
Q

What intestinal disease are boxers and french bulldogs predisposed to?*

A

histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers

47
Q

What causes histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers*

A

It is immune mediated and can be associated with E. coli

48
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers?*

A

Chronic frequenct bloody mucoid diarrhea along with cachexia and weight loss

49
Q

What are the gross nd histologic features of histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers?*

A

Grosly it mainly target the colon causing thickening and ulceration.

Histologically there are mucosal ulcers and a reduction in goblet cells along with granulocyte and macrophage infiltration into the submucosa. This can drain into LN.

50
Q

What is one method for diagnosing histiocytic ulcerative colitis of boxers?

A

Using a periodic acid schiff stain to visualize the macrophages. You will be able to see the material inside the macrophage.

51
Q

How is idiopathic inflammatory bowel syndrome diagnosed?

A

It is a disease of exclusion and everything else must be ruled out

52
Q

What species/animals does idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease target?

A

cats and dogs are more commonly affected than horses > cows

There is a breed association predisposing basenjis, boxers, GSD, and Irish setters

53
Q

What is an animal/breed specific consequence that is associated with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease?*

A

cats and basenji dogs can develop intestinal lymphoma

54
Q

What are the histologic features of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease?*

A

It primarily affects the small intestine but also can affect the colon and stomach

It is generally nonspecific chronic lymphoplasmocytic inflammation potentially with eosinophils. Along with edema and chronic fibrosis

55
Q

What species are associated with eosinophilic gastroenteritis?

A

hoses and cats

56
Q

What is a main consequence of equine multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease

A

eosinophilic gastroenteritis

57
Q

What is a main consequence of feline hypereosinophilic syndrome?

A

eosinophilic gastoenteritis

58
Q

What are the gross features of eosinophilic gastroenteritis?

A

thick GI

59
Q

A horse on long-term NSAID use is prone to ulceration of the…*

A

Right dorsal colon

kidney
stomach
mouth

60
Q

What is the pathogenesis of NSAID induced ulceration?

A

ischemic damage

61
Q

List 4 benign intestinal neoplasias and classify them as epithelial or mesenchymal in origin?

A

epithelial
- anal hepatoid gland adenoma (perianal adenoma)
- rectal papillary adenoma aka polyp (mid aged dog)

mesenchymal
- leiomyoma
- gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

62
Q

What is the primary intestinal epithelial malignant neoplasia? What is a common paraneoplastic effect>*

A

adenocarcinomas usually found in the large intestine, rectum, or anal gland

Anal gland adenocarcinomas can metastasize to sublumbar LN and cause hypercalcemia of malignancy

63
Q

What is the most common malignant mesenchymal intestinal neoplasia? What species are most associated?*

A

lymphoma

This is the most common tumor in dogs and cats mainly but also in horses

64
Q

How is the prognosis of lymphoma discerned?

A

A small cell lymphoma will have a better prognosis than a large cell lymphoma

65
Q

What is an example of a malignant mesenchymal intestinal neoplasia that is not lymphoma?

A

mast cell tumor which is rare but more common in cats

66
Q

How can you diagnose neoplasia in clinic?*

A

Take a smear of the affected organ or site and use a diff stain to identify abnormal cells

67
Q

What is the most common pancreatic disorder?

A

pancreatitis

68
Q

What species are prone to developing pancreatitis?*

A

Dogs are more prone than cats

Usually in cats it occurs with trioditis which is cholangitis, hepatitis, and enteritis

69
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pancreatitis?

A

It can be either acute or chronic and if it is chronic it can have associated atrophy and fibrosis which reduced function.

There is excessive release of digestive enzymes which cause autodigestion

70
Q

What are 3 top differentials if you see pancreatitis in a bird?*

A
  1. Newcastle disease
  2. HPAI
  3. WNV
71
Q

What causes pancreatitis?*

A

It can be breed associated (mini schnauzer) or diet related

could also be idiopathic or trauma (surgery) caused

72
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with pancreatitis?

A

anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, and diarrhea

73
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of pancreatitis?*

A

Grossly there is hemorrhage, congestion, edema, and saponification of fat which results in white chalky deposits of steatitis

Histologically it causes hemorrhage, congestion, edema and acute inflammation. There is also peri-pancreatic fat necrosis

74
Q

What are the outcomes of pancreatitis?

A

They can recover or it can become chronic or it can result in DIC and vasculitis

75
Q

What species/animals are associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?*

A

dogs are more common than cats and females are more common than males

If it is hereditary there is breed associations with GSD, rough coated collies, chows, and English setters

76
Q

What is the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

It is a disease of malabsorption and maldigestion which doesn’t result in clinical signs until 90% of the secretory capacity is lost.

It can be incited due to genetics or from any pancreatic insult like pancreatitis, toxins (Zn), drugs, duct obstruction, neoplasia, or starvation)

77
Q

What are the 2 types of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

congenital aka juvenile pancreatic atrophy

acquired

78
Q

What are the clinical signs of congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

It is silent until 6 months to 1 year
the onset is related to stress or diet changes

Steatorrhea (fatty poop) which is loose, pale, and voluminous. Increased appetite along with weight loss and muscle atrophy and a poor coat

79
Q

What are the gross and histologic features of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Grossly there is decreased fat and pancreatic tissue along with distended and bulky intestines

Histologically there is lymphocytic inflammation that can occur before the onset of clinical signs. There is no impact on islet cells except in greyhounds

80
Q

How is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency diagnosed?

A

A trypsin-like immunoreactivity test is performed

If…
Dog: <2.5 ug/L
Cat: <8 ug/L
positive for EPI

VETM 425 Sys Path (15 decks)

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