Lecture 34 Health of Young People Flashcards
What are adolescents and notable factors?
1/6th of the world’s population is adolescents and 86% live in low/middle income countries. They have a fundamental right to health but bear a substantial portion of the global disease burden
How does investment in adolescent health bring a triple dividend
- Benefits for adolescents now
- Benefits for their future adult lives
- Benefits for their children
What is the pattern for the leading causes of DALYs among 10-24 year olds globally ? Why is this a problem?
Non communicable diseases, especially mental health/substance use is prominent, this is a problem because non communicable diseases last very long in life and contribute lots towards DALYs
What are leading causes of death globally?
Mostly injuries and communicable diseases. Transport injuries are number 1 with mostly males suffering from it.
What is the leading causes of DALYs in NZ?
mental health and substance use is no.1, and a lot of non communicable diseases
What is the difference between causes of death between males and females?
Males (especially in high income countries) die from injury, e.g traffic. In sub saharan Africa causes of death are usually HIV/AIDS
What is the Youth19 survey
Cross sectional surveys using random samples of secondary school students. It’s anonymous, confidential and self reported using internet tablets. Gives a profile of the health, health risks and sources of resilience among adolescents in NZ
Is the sample used by the Youth survey representative of the population?
Not representative, e.g 5% say they don’t enjoy school but this may because those who dont enjoy school are not present at school
What is the trend in poverty?
It is increasing
What is the trend with substance use?
It is decreasing
What is the smoking trends among maori?
decreasing
What is the trend for experienced difficulties accessing healthcare?
Marginalised groups, those in poorer neighbourhoods and poorer schools experienced more difficulties accessing healthcare
What are the trends in healthcare need and foregone healthcare
Pasifika have worst observed for household deprivation, symptoms of depression and foregone healthcare. ASian countries and african countries have worst observed symptoms of depressions too
What is the inverse care law?
Where the availability of healthcare lowers for those who needs it most but increases for those who don’t need it
What is personally mediated racism?
prejudice/discrimination based on race/ethnicity
What is perceived ethnicity?
Ethnicity others perceive on to be based on appearance
What are the trends in bullying and unfair treatment for perceived ethnicity?
Asians/MELAA perceived as asian/MELAA experienced the worst bullying in schools, pasifika perceived as pasifika had the worst treatment by healthcare provider
What are the trends in emotional wellbeing?
Most students have good emotional wellbeing but they are declining, especially among females
What are the trends in symptoms of depression?
Most students don’t have significant symptoms of depression, however there was a sharp increase in proportions of students with depressive symptoms since 2012
What is the relationship between symptoms of depression and inequity?
There is significant ethnic disparity and the gap is widening especially for females
Where are symptoms of depression highest?
In communities exposed to socioeconomic deprivation
What is the relationship between symptoms of depression and rainbow youth
There is a decline in wellbeing among rainbow young people since 2012. They are especially high for sexual minorities and gender minorities.
What is ‘Thriving at crossroads’?
Looks at ethnic minority groups often neglected in data and also those who have marginalised identities, single parents who have gone through teen pregnancy, are living in poverty and gender minorities. These groups often have very little data and their challenges are kept outside the public eye
What are aspects affecting early development?
The experience of young people when they were younger: could have had increased parental monitoring due to parental stress/financial, geopolitical polarisation which results in overprotection and low resilience (snowflake hypothesis)
Contemporary - current aspects, igen hypothesis
The decline in mental health could be due to social media however there is no link that increased use leads to poorer mental health which means there must be a mediator in the causal pathway between risk factor and outcome. There has been a decline in exercise, risk taking, talking to parents, sleep and increased bullying. There is also an increasing level of perfectionism, emphasis on exceptionalism and individual achievement. There is also an experience of racism and discrimination
Aspects affecting future
Impact of job insecurities, housing affordability, climate crisis, political polarisation, disinformation. Doomer hypothesis
What have been the service and policy changes related to mental health service?
Government spending increased by 33% (health services in school, mental health promotion, mental health and addiction service provision, provision of primary mental health care services)
Young people need to wait a long time for specialist mental health services
What are the limitations of the Youth2000?
There may be recruitment bias as young people could’ve dropped out of school. These youth are at higher risk of adverse health outcomes, unment health needs, socioeconomic disadvantage and fewer positive connections with supportive networks
Why is it hard to determine causality?
Because data is collected at the same time it is hard to determine which came first. This means we need to be mindful of how we are collecting information and interpreting cross sectional data. This is why you do cohort studies and follow up so temporality can be established.
How reliable is the information from the census?
Hard to tell because data is self reported, which means that reponses could be untrue and based on socially desirable responses
What are the major weaknesses of using technology to collect data?
Because children with disabilities or language difficulties could not respond to the question and other languages were not provided. Also technological methods to get data means that can’t get back to youth who indicate that they are vulnerable or at risk
What are the major strengths of using technology to collect data?
More likely to provide honest data and more likely to complete survey
