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HUBS192 PROGRESS TEST 2 > lecture 31 - renal / urinary physiology > Flashcards

lecture 31 - renal / urinary physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what do kidneys balance in our body

A
  • water
  • ions (sodium)
  • pH
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2
Q

what are things that we consume that kidneys remove from our blood

A

drugs / medicines and toxins

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3
Q

what are things our cells produce that the kidneys remove from the blood

A
  • from metabolism
  • from breaking down old cells
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4
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the kidney

A
  • kidney detects low EPO, which stimulates the release of EPO
  • bone marrow then produces more red blood cells and therefore more oxygen can be carried
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5
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

during fasting or when the body is under stress : the kidneys make glucose from lactate

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6
Q

what are the two main sources of acid in the body

A
  • acids coming from food + drink and metabolism
  • acids coming from CO2 = more CO2 leads to more H+ production because of equilibrium equation
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7
Q

how is the pH of the blood controlled

A
  • lungs = exhalation of carbon dioxide
  • kidneys = by reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
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8
Q

how are hydrophilic drugs and toxins excreted from the body

A

excreted directly by the kidneys

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9
Q

how are lipophilic drugs and toxins excreted from the body

A

excreted by the kidneys after they have been metabolised ( as they are fat soluble )

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10
Q

what percentage of our total body water is extracellular fluid

A

1/3 (33%)

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11
Q

what percentage of our total body water is intracellular fluid

A

2/3 (67%)

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12
Q

what percentage of our ECF is plasma

A

1/5 (20%)

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13
Q

what percentage of our ECF is interstitial fluid

A

4/5 (80%)

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14
Q

what does an increase in the ICF fluid do in terms of cell size

A

swelling of cells

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15
Q

what does an decrease in the ICF fluid do in terms of cell size

A

shrinking of cells

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16
Q

what is osmolarity

A

the total number of solute molecules in a solution

17
Q

what is the normal osmolarity of both the ECF and ICF

A

275-300 mosmol/L

18
Q

what is a isosmotic solution

A

same amount of solute molecules per litre
- some osmolarity

19
Q

what is a hyposmotic solution

A

increase in water
- less solute molecules per litre
- decrease in ECF/ plasma osmolarity

20
Q

what is a hyperosmotic solution

A

decrease in water
- more solute molecules per litre
- increase in ECF/ plasma osmolarity

21
Q

where will water initially enter when you drink water

A

the ECF

22
Q

what occurs if there is a loss of WATER ONLY

A
  • water will be lost from the ECF
  • ECF osmolarity increases = so water moves from the ICF to the ECF until balanced
  • loss of water from both ICF and ECF = cells shrink
23
Q

what occurs if there is a gain of WATER ONLY

A
  • water gain to the ECF
  • ECF osmolarity decreases = so water moves from the ECF to the ICF until balanced
  • gain of water to both ICF and ECF = cells swell
24
Q

what occurs if there is a loss of isosmotic fluid

A
  • loss of isosmotic fluid in the ECF
  • osmolarity in ICF and ECF still the same
  • no water movement = decrease in ECF volume only
25
Q

what occurs if there is a gain of isosmotic fluid

A
  • gain of isosmotic fluid in ECF
  • osmolarity in the ICF and ECF still the same
  • no water movement = increase in the ECF volume only
26
Q

where does filtration occur

A
  • occurs in the renal corpuscle / glomerulus
27
Q

what is filtration

A

movement of plasma from the glomerulus capillaries into the glomerular capsule

28
Q

what substances are not filtered

A

large proteins e.g albumin and substances bound to proteins

29
Q

what is secretion (nephron)

A

movement of solutes from peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid

30
Q

where does secretion occur

A

proximal tubule

31
Q

where does reabsorption occur

A

proximal tububle, nephron loop and distal tubule and collecting duct

32
Q

what is reabsorption

A

movement os solutes from the tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

33
Q

what occurs in the proximal tubule

A

bulk reabsorption and secretion

34
Q

what happens in the distal tubule and collecting duct and what is it regulated by

A

fine tuning / regulated by hormones reabsorption of ions (sodium) and water

HUBS192 PROGRESS TEST 2 (25 decks)

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