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HUBS192 PROGRESS TEST 2 > lecture 15 - lower respiratory tract > Flashcards

lecture 15 - lower respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the lower respiratory tract

A
  • conducts air to/from the site of gas exchange
  • completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
  • provides a barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface for gas exchange
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2
Q

what passes through the larynx

A

passage for air only

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3
Q

where is the larynx located

A

anterior to the oesophagus

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4
Q

where does the larynx go to and from

A

from the hyoid bone to the trachea

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5
Q

what do cartilages in the larynx do

A

protect and maintain an open airway (patent)

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6
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

closes over the airway when swallowing

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7
Q

what is the glottis

A

voice box

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8
Q

what are the two folds attached to the cartilages of the larynx

A

vocal folds and vestibular folds

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9
Q

what are the vocal cords also called

A

the ‘true’ vocal cords

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10
Q

what are the vestibular cords also called

A

the ‘false’ vocal cords

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11
Q

what causes sound waves in the vocal cords

A

the passing of air causes vibrations

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12
Q

what are the vocal cords used for

A

normal phonation

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13
Q

why do men have a deeper voice than women

A

testosterone affects the cartilage and muscle = resulting in longer, thicker folds - deeper voice

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13
Q

where are the vestibular folds located

A

superior to the vocal folds

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14
Q

what do vestibular folds prevent

A

foreign object entry to glottis

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15
Q

what can vestibular folds produce

A

very deep sounds

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16
Q

where is the trachea

A

anterior to the oesophagus

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17
Q

where does the trachea go to and from

A

the larynx and the primary bronchi

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18
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A
  • maintain patent airway
  • clean, warm and humidify air
19
Q

what are the shapes of the cartilage rings in the trachea

A

c shaped

20
Q

what are the trachealis

A

band of smooth muscle that connects the ends of cartilage rings

21
Q

what is the function of the trachealis

A

contract for coughing

22
Q

what is the muscularly escalators function

A

to remove debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested

23
Q

what coats the surface of the muscularly escalator

A

mucus from goblet cells and mucus glands coat the surface

24
Q

how many lobes does the right side of the lung have

A

3 lobes on the right

25
Q

how many lobes does the left side of the lung have

A

2 lobes = to make room for the heart

26
Q

what is the hilum

A

where bronchi and blood vessels enter

27
Q

what is the apex of the lung

A

the superior region

28
Q

what is the coastal surface of the lung

A

the lateral surface, against the ribs

29
Q

what is the base of the lung

A

inferior, sits on the diaphragm

30
Q

what is the epithelium of the primary bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium

31
Q

what is the epithelium of the secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height, goblet cell numbers reduce

32
Q

what is the epithelium of the bronchioles

A

cuboidal epithelium

33
Q

what is the cartilage like in the secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

cartilage plates

34
Q

what is the cartilage like in the bronchioles

A

no cartilage but thick sooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation

35
Q

what are the pulmonary lobules and what are they made of

A

made of many alveoli (air sacs) arranged like bunches of grapes

36
Q

what are the alveolar walls like

A

alveolar walls are very thin : simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

37
Q

what are the external surfaces alveoli covered in

A

a fine network of pulmonary capillaries

38
Q

what are the structure of alveoli like

A

pocket like, open at one side

39
Q

what are alveoli covered in

A

by a dense capillary network

40
Q

what are lung epithelial cells called

A

pneumocytes

41
Q

what are the type 1 pneumocytes

A

squamous epithelial cells

42
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes function

A

forms the respiratory membrane / blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane = gas exchange

43
Q

what are the type 2 pneumocytes

A

cuboidal epithelial cells = scattered amongst type 1

44
Q

what is the function of type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant, a complex lioprotein that reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

45
Q

what do roaming macrophages do in the alveoli

A

removes any debris that makes it to the alveoli

46
Q
A

HUBS192 PROGRESS TEST 2 (25 decks)

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