LECTURE 30 Flashcards
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what are the two main polypeptide hormones?
insulin and glucagon
what does insulin promote the synthesis of?
glycogen
triglycerides
protein
where is insulin cleaved?
Golgi apparatus
what stimulates the release of insulin?
glucose
amino acids
secretin
glucagon
what is insulin secretion inhibited by?
epinephrine
what cells are insulin independent transporters?
brain/neurons hepatocytes erthryocytes intestinal mucosa renal tubules cornea
if insulin remains present over long periods of time, we an increase or decrease in membranous receptors leading to down regulation?
decrease
extended good times can lead to a loss of insulin receptors?
type II diabetes
insulin also causes long term effects like synthesis of these enzymes?
glucokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase
what is the major effect of glucagon?
glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis in the liver
what stimulates release of glucagon?
decrease glucose
increase amino acids
increase epinephrine
so when we just ingest protein and not carbs, glucagon is activated and what does this prevent?
postprandial hypoglycemia
for glucagon mechanism, high affinity receptors are located where and what is activated? what do we see an increase in and what kinase is activated?
hepatocytes
adenylate cyclase
cAMP
cAMP dependent protein kinase
what organ receives the nutrients first?
liver
T/F, liver glucose transporters are not insulin dependent?
true
what is the minimum amount of protein the body needs before function is compromised?
6 kg
T/F, insulin independent transporters remain functional in the fasting state?
true
after a 2-3 week fast we have an increase or decrease in ketones, what organ use these in addition to glucose?
increase
brain
this insulin type is also known as juvenile diabetes?
type I
this insulin type is also known as adult onset diabetes?
type II
how is type I diabetes characterized? symptoms
insulin deficiency
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
as a result of diabetes, TGs are broken down in adipocytes and liver makes VLDLs causing?
hypertriglyceridemia
what is the result of long term elevation of blood glucose?
premature atherosclerosis
retinopathy
neuropathy
what is the most common diabetes? what is the cause?
type II
insulin receptors are missing as a result of good times so this down regulates the insulin receptors
