LECTURE 30

Question 1

what are the two main polypeptide hormones?

Answer 1

insulin and glucagon

Question 2

what does insulin promote the synthesis of?

Answer 2

glycogen
triglycerides
protein

Question 3

where is insulin cleaved?

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

what stimulates the release of insulin?

Answer 4

glucose
amino acids
secretin
glucagon

Question 5

what is insulin secretion inhibited by?

Answer 5

epinephrine

Question 6

what cells are insulin independent transporters?

Answer 6

brain/neurons
hepatocytes
erthryocytes
intestinal mucosa
renal tubules
cornea

Question 7

if insulin remains present over long periods of time, we an increase or decrease in membranous receptors leading to down regulation?

Answer 7

decrease

Question 8

extended good times can lead to a loss of insulin receptors?

Answer 8

type II diabetes

Question 9

insulin also causes long term effects like synthesis of these enzymes?

Answer 9

glucokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

Question 10

what is the major effect of glucagon?

Answer 10

glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis in the liver

Question 11

what stimulates release of glucagon?

Answer 11

decrease glucose
increase amino acids
increase epinephrine

Question 12

so when we just ingest protein and not carbs, glucagon is activated and what does this prevent?

Answer 12

postprandial hypoglycemia

Question 13

for glucagon mechanism, high affinity receptors are located where and what is activated? what do we see an increase in and what kinase is activated?

Answer 13

hepatocytes

adenylate cyclase

cAMP
cAMP dependent protein kinase

Question 14

what organ receives the nutrients first?

Answer 14

liver

Question 15

T/F, liver glucose transporters are not insulin dependent?

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what is the minimum amount of protein the body needs before function is compromised?

Answer 16

6 kg

Question 17

T/F, insulin independent transporters remain functional in the fasting state?

Answer 17

true

Question 18

after a 2-3 week fast we have an increase or decrease in ketones, what organ use these in addition to glucose?

Answer 18

increase

brain

Question 19

this insulin type is also known as juvenile diabetes?

Answer 19

type I

Question 20

this insulin type is also known as adult onset diabetes?

Answer 20

type II

Question 21

how is type I diabetes characterized? symptoms

Answer 21

insulin deficiency

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

Question 22

as a result of diabetes, TGs are broken down in adipocytes and liver makes VLDLs causing?

Answer 22

hypertriglyceridemia

Question 23

what is the result of long term elevation of blood glucose?

Answer 23

premature atherosclerosis
retinopathy
neuropathy

Question 24

what is the most common diabetes? what is the cause?

Answer 24

type II

insulin receptors are missing as a result of good times so this down regulates the insulin receptors