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KSUCPM STAYING ALIVE > JBLE > Flashcards

JBLE Flashcards

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1
Q

what parts comprise the oral cavity?

A 
lips
oral epithelium
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
tonsils (not digestive)
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2
Q

what are the four types of papillae?

A

filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
foliate

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3
Q

which of the papillae has no taste buds?

A

filiform

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4
Q

order of taste sensation? from tip to base

A

sweet, salt, sour, bitter

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5
Q

vallate papillae taste what?

A

bitter

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6
Q

what are the three cells types of the taste bud?

A

neuroepithelium
support (sustenacular)
basal (stem) cells

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7
Q

this salivary gland is the largest and mostly serous? what ducts are found here?

A

parotid

stenson duct

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8
Q

this salivary gland is mixed serous and mucous? what duct is found here?

A

submandibular

Wharton’s duct

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9
Q

this salivary gland is mostly mucous? what ducts are found here?

A

sublingual

Bartholin and Rivinus ducts

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10
Q

what produces dentin?

A

odontoblasts

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11
Q

what produces enamel?

A

ameloblasts

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12
Q

the root is below the gemlike and consists of dentin surrounded by this substance?

A

cementum

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13
Q

this process anchors the tooth into the socket (alveolus) by the periodontal membrane and this is a fibrous peg and socket type joint?

A

gomphosis

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14
Q

what are the components of saliva?

A

serous and mucus components

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15
Q

this component of saliva has much water, hypotonic, ions, amylase, maltase,

A

serous components

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16
Q

this component of saliva is viscous, has water, ions and glycoproteins. It coats, slides over surfaces, resistant to digestion, can buffer pH

A

mucus component

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17
Q

what are the oral hygiene components?

A

water, ions and antimicrobials

lysozyme (antibacterial)
histatins (anti fungal)
antibodies (immune fxn)
lactoferrin (antibacterial)
statherin (prevents precipitation of CaPO4)
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18
Q

what is the effect of smooth surfaces and saliva?

A

stimulate saliva production

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19
Q

what is the effect of rough surfaced and saliva?

A

inhibit saliva production

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20
Q

meissner’s plexi is found where?

A

submucosa

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21
Q

auerbach’s plexi is found where?

A

muscularis externa

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22
Q

the oral epithelium is what type of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinzed

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23
Q

what is the arrangement of the gut tube? form innermost to outer

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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24
Q

what comprises the mucosal layer of the gut tube?

A

mucose membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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25
Q

this plexus provides nervous control for adjusting blood flow through, secretions and activity of mucosal layer?

A

meissner’s plexus

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26
Q

this plexus is part of the enteric NS and controls peristalsis?

A

auerbach’s plexus

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27
Q

what are the layers of the esophagus?

A 
mucosa
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
submucosae
muscularis externa
adventitia
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28
Q

this part of the small intestine is most glandular?

A

duodenum

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29
Q

this part of the small intestine is most absorptive?

A

jejunum

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30
Q

this part of the small intestine has most lymphoid tissue?

A

Ileum

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31
Q

what are the cells of the small intestine mucosa?

A 
intestinal absorptive vell
goblet cells
paneth cells
entero-endocrine
M-cells
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32
Q

of the cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas, which cell is highest in concentration?

A

B cells

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33
Q

this lobule of the liver is most useful, hexagon and central vein in the center?

A

classic lobule

34
Q

this lobule is triangular, portal triad in the center, central vein at apices?

A

portal lobule

35
Q

this lobule is the smallest, diamond shaped, central vein at north and south poles and triads at east and west?

A

liver acinus

36
Q

this is a space between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes? what cells are found here?

A

space of disse (perisinusoidal space)

fat storage cells (Ito) or stellate cells

37
Q

these macrophages of the liver has macrophages found along endothelial surfaces of the sinusoids?

A

kupffer cells

38
Q

what are the two blood supplies of the hepatic portal system? how does blood flow from portal system to IVC?

A

75% portal vein
25% hepatic artery

portal vein to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein to inf vena cava

also,

arterial blood from hepatic artery (oxygen rich) to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein to inf vena cava

39
Q

what is the true venous portal system?

A

1st cap bed in small intestine and 2nd cap bed in liver sinusoids connected by portal vein

40
Q

what is this cell:

polygonal, large and euchromatic nucleus (often tetraploid or bi nucleate) basophilic, lots of RER, SER and thousands of mitochondria?

A

hepatocyte

41
Q

functions of hepatocyte?

A 
makes bile
makes and stores glycogen
synthesizes plasma proteins
detox lipid soluble toxins
makes chalones
42
Q

this organ stores bile and concentrates it by absorbing water?

A

gallbladder

43
Q

in the CNS, cortical is subconscious or conscious?

A

conscious awareness

wanting and needing to eat

44
Q

in the CNS, subcortical is subconscious or conscious?

A

subconscious

unaware, more than just a reflex

45
Q

what hormones are released from activation of the ANS? relate to the two systems of this part of the nervous system?

A

sympathetic NS- Epi and Norepi

parasympathetic NS- Ach

46
Q

enteric nervous system has both sensory and motor components, what do each do?

A

sensory-chemical and physical stimuli like irritation, distension, and chemosensation

motor-peristalsis, segmentation, mixing movements, and sphincter control

47
Q

what part of the NS controls the CNS, PNS< and ENS?

A

neural control loops

48
Q

this loop reflex is controlled by the ENS, local and stays within the general tissue of initiation (peristalsis, secretions, and mixing)

A

short loop reflex

49
Q

this loop reflex is controlled by the ANS, has the prevertebral ganglia and involves the celiac, mesenteric and hypogastric nuclei (unconscious and doesnt involve brain)

A

intermediate loop reflex

50
Q

this loop reflex is controlled by the CNS, often unconscious to cortex, feels satiety, pain, irritation and defecation, this information got to the brain and spinal cord traveling along the autonomic axons

we tend to think of autonomic info as motor but the vagus is 80% sensory afferents

A

long loop reflex

51
Q

what type of muscle comprises the gut responsible for its muscle movement? name the types?

A

smooth muscle

unitary and multi smooth muscle

52
Q

name this smooth muscle type in the gut:

a tissue made up of millions of single smooth muscle cells that have gap junctions (nexuses) that communicate ionically from one cell to the next. These junctions allow the smooth muscle to behave as one unit. The majority of the smooth muscle of the body is this type?

A

unitary smooth muscle

53
Q

name this smooth muscle type in the gut:

each cell acts and reacts individually. It has much greater control. the sphincter muscles in certain regions of the gut tube are this type and engage in tonic contraction without tire or relaxing

A

multisubunit smooth muscle

54
Q

these are the pacemaker cells of the gut, found in the myenteric plexus?

A

interstitial cells of cajal

55
Q

what are the waves of the gut? describe?

A

slow waves and spikes

slow waves: basic rhythm and propagation, excite occurrence of spikes
spikes: cause contractions

56
Q

what are the factors that increase excitability of the gut?

A

stretch
parasym stimulates Ach
hormones increases Ach

57
Q

what is the primary action of the esophagus?

A

moved the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus, usually around 8 seconds

58
Q

what is the secondary action of the esophagus?

A

due to distension in the tube, the ENS of the esophagus will send a secondary wave of contractions to keep repeating until all food is in the stomach

59
Q

what is the condition called when the esophagus doesn’t relax and the bolus gets stuck?

A

achalasia (smooth muscle of LES doesn’t relax)

60
Q

what are the jobs of the stomach?

A 
stores food
makes acid to digest food
mucus made to protect mucosa
adds digestive enzymes
intrinsic factor made and released
mixes food and liquefies it
61
Q

what are the steps of mixing in the stomach?

A

propulsion
grinding
retropulsion

62
Q

what stage of mixing in the stomach does the pyloric sphincter slightly open?

A

retropulsion

63
Q

what increases pyloric pumping force and decreased pyloric sphincter tone?

A

dissension of the stomach wall

type of contents will stimulate ENS nerves and ACh and hormones will act to being the release of it

64
Q

how is the enterogastric reflex triggered?

A

when food enters the duodenum

if the volume of the incoming chyme is too great or too acidic

if we need the reflex to increase rate

65
Q

what starts in the gut when we don’t eat for 12-24 hours strong contraction will start

painful

lasts 3-4 days then quits

A

hunger pangs

66
Q

what is the term for this type of peristalsis when contractions move from mouth to anus? form anus to mouth cavity

A

aborad

orad

67
Q

what is the average of peristalsis?

A

1 cm/min

68
Q

what hormones enhance intestinal motility?

A

CCK, Gastrin, Serotonin, Motilin, and insulin

69
Q

what hormones inhibit intestinal motility?

A

secretin and glucagon

70
Q

this valve at this region is to prevent back flow from the cecum to the ileum?

A

ileocecal valve

71
Q

T/F, the ileocecal valve is a true sphincter?

A

true

72
Q

what reflex is stimulated when we eat? what mediates this?

A

gastro-ileal reflex

ENS and ANS

73
Q

this type of peristaltic contraction produces powerful and rapid peristalsis. Mediated by the CNS, ANS, brainstem

A

intense irritation

74
Q

this type of peristaltic rush sweeps the contents of the small intestine into the colon within minutes?

nutrients and water is lost without any absorption

A

peristaltic rush

75
Q

what are the two types of motility present in the colon?

A

haustrations and mass movements

76
Q

this is secreted by the chief cell?

A

pepsinogen

77
Q

this is a glycoprotein synthesized by the parietal cell?

what is significant about this?

what results if intrinsic factor is absent?

A

intrinsic factor

it binds to Vit B12 and assists in its transport across the ideal mucous into the blood of the ileum. The B12 stimulates red blood cell maturation in the bone marrow

pernicious anemia

78
Q

what are the phases of gastric secretion?

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

79
Q

what hormones inhibit gastric secretion?

A

secretin-biggest effect

somatostatin and GIP-somatostatin and GIP

80
Q

Bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas can lead to?

A

acidic tide

81
Q

what is the significance of Bile?

A 
fat emulsifier
decrease SA of lipid droplets
conjugates cellular wastes
bile released from liver
concentrated in the gall bladder
82
Q

what absorbs fats?

A

lacteals, then to the lymphatic vessels and into venous circulation. These avoid portal circulation

KSUCPM STAYING ALIVE (16 decks)

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