JBLE Flashcards
CHECK ON LEARNING
1
Q
what parts comprise the oral cavity?
A
lips oral epithelium teeth tongue salivary glands tonsils (not digestive)
2
Q
what are the four types of papillae?
A
filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
foliate
3
Q
which of the papillae has no taste buds?
A
filiform
4
Q
order of taste sensation? from tip to base
A
sweet, salt, sour, bitter
5
Q
vallate papillae taste what?
A
bitter
6
Q
what are the three cells types of the taste bud?
A
neuroepithelium
support (sustenacular)
basal (stem) cells
7
Q
this salivary gland is the largest and mostly serous? what ducts are found here?
A
parotid
stenson duct
8
Q
this salivary gland is mixed serous and mucous? what duct is found here?
A
submandibular
Wharton’s duct
9
Q
this salivary gland is mostly mucous? what ducts are found here?
A
sublingual
Bartholin and Rivinus ducts
10
Q
what produces dentin?
A
odontoblasts
11
Q
what produces enamel?
A
ameloblasts
12
Q
the root is below the gemlike and consists of dentin surrounded by this substance?
A
cementum
13
Q
this process anchors the tooth into the socket (alveolus) by the periodontal membrane and this is a fibrous peg and socket type joint?
A
gomphosis
14
Q
what are the components of saliva?
A
serous and mucus components
15
Q
this component of saliva has much water, hypotonic, ions, amylase, maltase,
A
serous components
16
Q
this component of saliva is viscous, has water, ions and glycoproteins. It coats, slides over surfaces, resistant to digestion, can buffer pH
A
mucus component
17
Q
what are the oral hygiene components?
A
water, ions and antimicrobials
lysozyme (antibacterial) histatins (anti fungal) antibodies (immune fxn) lactoferrin (antibacterial) statherin (prevents precipitation of CaPO4)
18
Q
what is the effect of smooth surfaces and saliva?
A
stimulate saliva production
19
Q
what is the effect of rough surfaced and saliva?
A
inhibit saliva production
20
Q
meissner’s plexi is found where?
A
submucosa
21
Q
auerbach’s plexi is found where?
A
muscularis externa
22
Q
the oral epithelium is what type of epithelium?
A
stratified squamous non-keratinzed
23
Q
what is the arrangement of the gut tube? form innermost to outer
A
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
24
Q
what comprises the mucosal layer of the gut tube?
A
mucose membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
25
this plexus provides nervous control for adjusting blood flow through, secretions and activity of mucosal layer?
meissner's plexus
26
this plexus is part of the enteric NS and controls peristalsis?
auerbach's plexus
27
what are the layers of the esophagus?
```
mucosa
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
submucosae
muscularis externa
adventitia
```
28
this part of the small intestine is most glandular?
duodenum
29
this part of the small intestine is most absorptive?
jejunum
30
this part of the small intestine has most lymphoid tissue?
Ileum
31
what are the cells of the small intestine mucosa?
```
intestinal absorptive vell
goblet cells
paneth cells
entero-endocrine
M-cells
```
32
of the cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas, which cell is highest in concentration?
B cells
33
this lobule of the liver is most useful, hexagon and central vein in the center?
classic lobule
34
this lobule is triangular, portal triad in the center, central vein at apices?
portal lobule
35
this lobule is the smallest, diamond shaped, central vein at north and south poles and triads at east and west?
liver acinus
36
this is a space between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes? what cells are found here?
space of disse (perisinusoidal space)
fat storage cells (Ito) or stellate cells
37
these macrophages of the liver has macrophages found along endothelial surfaces of the sinusoids?
kupffer cells
38
what are the two blood supplies of the hepatic portal system? how does blood flow from portal system to IVC?
75% portal vein
25% hepatic artery
portal vein to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein to inf vena cava
also,
arterial blood from hepatic artery (oxygen rich) to sinusoids to central vein to hepatic vein to inf vena cava
39
what is the true venous portal system?
1st cap bed in small intestine and 2nd cap bed in liver sinusoids connected by portal vein
40
what is this cell:
polygonal, large and euchromatic nucleus (often tetraploid or bi nucleate) basophilic, lots of RER, SER and thousands of mitochondria?
hepatocyte
41
functions of hepatocyte?
```
makes bile
makes and stores glycogen
synthesizes plasma proteins
detox lipid soluble toxins
makes chalones
```
42
this organ stores bile and concentrates it by absorbing water?
gallbladder
43
in the CNS, cortical is subconscious or conscious?
conscious awareness
wanting and needing to eat
44
in the CNS, subcortical is subconscious or conscious?
subconscious
unaware, more than just a reflex
45
what hormones are released from activation of the ANS? relate to the two systems of this part of the nervous system?
sympathetic NS- Epi and Norepi
| parasympathetic NS- Ach
46
enteric nervous system has both sensory and motor components, what do each do?
sensory-chemical and physical stimuli like irritation, distension, and chemosensation
motor-peristalsis, segmentation, mixing movements, and sphincter control
47
what part of the NS controls the CNS, PNS< and ENS?
neural control loops
48
this loop reflex is controlled by the ENS, local and stays within the general tissue of initiation (peristalsis, secretions, and mixing)
short loop reflex
49
this loop reflex is controlled by the ANS, has the prevertebral ganglia and involves the celiac, mesenteric and hypogastric nuclei (unconscious and doesnt involve brain)
intermediate loop reflex
50
this loop reflex is controlled by the CNS, often unconscious to cortex, feels satiety, pain, irritation and defecation, this information got to the brain and spinal cord traveling along the autonomic axons
we tend to think of autonomic info as motor but the vagus is 80% sensory afferents
long loop reflex
51
what type of muscle comprises the gut responsible for its muscle movement? name the types?
smooth muscle
unitary and multi smooth muscle
52
name this smooth muscle type in the gut:
a tissue made up of millions of single smooth muscle cells that have gap junctions (nexuses) that communicate ionically from one cell to the next. These junctions allow the smooth muscle to behave as one unit. The majority of the smooth muscle of the body is this type?
unitary smooth muscle
53
name this smooth muscle type in the gut:
each cell acts and reacts individually. It has much greater control. the sphincter muscles in certain regions of the gut tube are this type and engage in tonic contraction without tire or relaxing
multisubunit smooth muscle
54
these are the pacemaker cells of the gut, found in the myenteric plexus?
interstitial cells of cajal
55
what are the waves of the gut? describe?
slow waves and spikes
slow waves: basic rhythm and propagation, excite occurrence of spikes
spikes: cause contractions
56
what are the factors that increase excitability of the gut?
stretch
parasym stimulates Ach
hormones increases Ach
57
what is the primary action of the esophagus?
moved the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus, usually around 8 seconds
58
what is the secondary action of the esophagus?
due to distension in the tube, the ENS of the esophagus will send a secondary wave of contractions to keep repeating until all food is in the stomach
59
what is the condition called when the esophagus doesn't relax and the bolus gets stuck?
achalasia (smooth muscle of LES doesn't relax)
60
what are the jobs of the stomach?
```
stores food
makes acid to digest food
mucus made to protect mucosa
adds digestive enzymes
intrinsic factor made and released
mixes food and liquefies it
```
61
what are the steps of mixing in the stomach?
propulsion
grinding
retropulsion
62
what stage of mixing in the stomach does the pyloric sphincter slightly open?
retropulsion
63
what increases pyloric pumping force and decreased pyloric sphincter tone?
dissension of the stomach wall
| type of contents will stimulate ENS nerves and ACh and hormones will act to being the release of it
64
how is the enterogastric reflex triggered?
when food enters the duodenum
if the volume of the incoming chyme is too great or too acidic
if we need the reflex to increase rate
65
what starts in the gut when we don't eat for 12-24 hours strong contraction will start
painful
lasts 3-4 days then quits
hunger pangs
66
what is the term for this type of peristalsis when contractions move from mouth to anus? form anus to mouth cavity
aborad
orad
67
what is the average of peristalsis?
1 cm/min
68
what hormones enhance intestinal motility?
CCK, Gastrin, Serotonin, Motilin, and insulin
69
what hormones inhibit intestinal motility?
secretin and glucagon
70
this valve at this region is to prevent back flow from the cecum to the ileum?
ileocecal valve
71
T/F, the ileocecal valve is a true sphincter?
true
72
what reflex is stimulated when we eat? what mediates this?
gastro-ileal reflex
ENS and ANS
73
this type of peristaltic contraction produces powerful and rapid peristalsis. Mediated by the CNS, ANS, brainstem
intense irritation
74
this type of peristaltic rush sweeps the contents of the small intestine into the colon within minutes?
nutrients and water is lost without any absorption
peristaltic rush
75
what are the two types of motility present in the colon?
haustrations and mass movements
76
this is secreted by the chief cell?
pepsinogen
77
this is a glycoprotein synthesized by the parietal cell?
what is significant about this?
what results if intrinsic factor is absent?
intrinsic factor
it binds to Vit B12 and assists in its transport across the ideal mucous into the blood of the ileum. The B12 stimulates red blood cell maturation in the bone marrow
pernicious anemia
78
what are the phases of gastric secretion?
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
79
what hormones inhibit gastric secretion?
secretin-biggest effect
| somatostatin and GIP-somatostatin and GIP
80
Bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas can lead to?
acidic tide
81
what is the significance of Bile?
```
fat emulsifier
decrease SA of lipid droplets
conjugates cellular wastes
bile released from liver
concentrated in the gall bladder
```
82
what absorbs fats?
lacteals, then to the lymphatic vessels and into venous circulation. These avoid portal circulation
