LECTURE 21 and 22 Flashcards by Nicholas de Guzman

two ways the cells of the body remove amine groups?

transamination

oxidative deamination

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what is unique about lysine and threonine in relation to aminotransferases?

they are not substrates for at least 1 transaminase

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for all aminotransferaes, what is the amine acceptor and what are the products?

alpha ketoglutarate with products being glutamate and alpha keto acids

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what are the two most important aminotransferases?

alanine aminotransferases (GPT)

aspartate aminotransferses (GOT)

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what is elevated in patients with liver disease?

alanine

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what amino acid is needed for urea synthesis?

aspartate

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what enzyme is used in oxidative deamination?

glutamate dehydrogenase

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what enzyme produces urea?

arginase

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this carbamoyl PO4 is the start of the next urea

ornithine trans carbamylase

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what is the source of the second amine group in the urea cycle?

aspartate is the product of aspartate aminotransferase

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where is carbomyl PO4 made?

mitochondria

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what is the rate limiting enzyme for urea formation?

carbamoyl phosphate synthase

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how is urea cleared?

filtered and secreted into urine to clear it from blood

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what substrate are required for the urea cycle in liver? product?

what about the product with muscles during breakdown?

2 amino acids

urea and 2 alpha keto acids

alanine

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what amino acid feeds into the liver and becomes urea?

alanine

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what amino acid feeds into the kidney and becomes ammonia?

glutamine

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which aa’s are ketogenic?

leucine

lysine

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which aa’s are glucogenic?

most aa’s

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which aa’s are used either for AcCoA or gluconeogenesis?

tyrosine
isoleucine
phenylalanine
tryptophan

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what entry points in the TCA cycle can amino acids enter?

pyruvate
AcCoA
alpha ketoglutarate
succinate CoA
fumurate
OAA

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what are the essential amino acids?

phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
arginine
leucine
lysine

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this is an important methyl donor in the one carbon pool used to synthesize various compounds?

s-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

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this is an important carrier in the one carbon pool?

what is the carbon carrying form?

folic acid

tetrahydrofolate (THF)

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what are the special products from amino acids?

porphyrins
creatine
histamine
serotonin
catecholamines
melanin

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what are porphyrins made from?

glycine and succinyl CoA

what are the heme proteins?

hemoglobin myoglobin cytochromes

where does heme synthesis occur?

liver and bone marrow

what occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood? name the types?

jaundice hemolytic obstructive hepatocellular premature newborns

what is creatine made from? what is the breakdown product?

glycine and arginine creatinine

this is made from tryptophan, found in the CNS and gut?

serotonin

these are made from tyrosine, NTs in CNS and ANS

catcholamines

what are the examples of catecholamines?

dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine

what is the breakdown of catecholamines accomplished by? what is the product?

monoamine oxidase catecholamine o methyl transferase ``` Vanylmandelic acid (VMA) Homovanillic acid (HVA) ```

this product of an amino acid is made from tyrosine and provides with pigmentation? what enzyme is required for melanin to work and what is the result if deficient?

melanin tyrosinase albinism

what are the three groups of lipids found in the membrane?

phospholipids glycolipids cholesterol

lipid not found in the membrane?

triacylglycerol

the body contains what other lipids as well?

steroid hormones fatty acids vitamins A,D,E,K

name the functions of the lipids?

source of AcCoA lipid membranes serve as barriers extracellular/intracelluar messages vitamins used as cofactors

this enzyme is secreted in the saliva also known as the acid stable lipase?

lingual lipase

this enzyme is released by the stomach but only activates in the duodenum and acts on TAGs with short or medium length fatty acids?

gastric lipase

T/F, babies have less stomach acidity so milk fat digestion in the stomach is significant?

why are lipids not yet digested before the duodenum?

fats are not yet emulsified

what are bile salts derived from? examples? where are they found?

cholesterol by the liver and stored and concentrated in the gall bladder glycocholate taurocholate bile but intestinal bacterial can break off glycine or taurine and so both bile salts and acids are found in the intestine

where are bile acids made?

liver and are precursors of bile salts

emulsified TAGs, cholesterol esters and phospholipids are degraded by?

pancreatic enzymes secreted into the duodenum

presence of fat and protein stimulates release of? thus, this one stimulates mucosal cells to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the contents exiting the stomach? this one slows down gastric emptying and releases bile to emulsify fat and enzymes to digest fat and protein?

secretin CCK secretin CCK

enzyme responsible for the catabolism of triglycerides?

pancreatic lipase

enzyme responsible for the catabolism of cholesterol esters?

pancreatic cholesterol esterase

enzyme responsible for the catabolism of phospholipids?

phospholipase A2

primary products of lipid catabolism in the intestine?

FFA cholesterol 2-monoacyl glycerol

name of lipid complexed with bile salts and structure is a _____?

micelle

what converts 2 fatty acyl-coa and monoacylglycerol to TAG and 2 CoA? once broken down in the mucosal cell from the intestine, they need to go out into the blood, how?\ the TAGs found in the chylomicrons are used by?

acyltransferase to make TAGs, THESE ARE SPECIFIC FOR FATTY ACID CHAIN LENGTH by apoprotein B-48 into a chylomicron then exocytosed and enter the lymphatic system via intestinal lacteals, they also enter the left subclavian vein ``` skeletal muscle adipose tissue heart lung kidney liver ```

what is the product of the lipoprotein that breaks down TG? what are these bound to?

glycerol and 3 FFAs albumin

this is used by what organ to for glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis?

glycerol liver

the remnants of the chylomicron are taken up by what organ?

liver

apolipoproteins found in lipoproteins provide what?

structure cell recognition lipoprotein metabolism

what is the purpose of APO CII? APO E?

activates lipoprotein recognized by hepatic receptors

function of chylomicron?

donate FFAs to tissues

function of VLDL?

deliver TAGs from liver to tissues`

function of LDL?

deliver cholesterol to tissues

function of HDL?

reservoir of APOII for transfer to VLDL and chylomicrons for TG and phospholipids

LECTURE 21 and 22 Flashcards

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