Lecture #3 - anatomy of speech Flashcards
describe the three systems involved in the production of speech ?
- respiratory system
- laryngeal system
- articulatory system
describe the physiological functions and processes of the structure involved in speech :
in the most simplest terms what is the respiratory ?
The respiratory system is the part of your body that helps you breathe.
how does the respiratory system work ?
- Breathing in: You take in air through your nose or mouth. The air goes down your throat into your lungs
- Lungs: Inside your lungs, there are tiny air sacs called alveoli, where oxygen from the air moves into your blood
- Oxygen transport: Your blood carries this oxygen to the rest of your body so your cells can use it for energy
- Breathing out: Your body makes a waste gas called carbon dioxide, which you breathe out when you exhale
how many sections do we split the respiratory system into ?
2
what are the two sections we split the respiratory system into ?
upper and lower respiratory system
name the anatomical parts of the upper respiratory system :
- nasal passage
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- trachea
name the anatomical parts of the lower respiratory
- bronchi
- lung
- heart
- ribs
what does breathing allow ?
allows the exchange of gases to sustain life … oxygen comes in and CO2 & nitrogen exit
what is the respiratory cycle ?
= one single breath
what are the two phases of the respiratory cycle ?
inhalation and exhalation
what type of blood molecules go into the alveoli and out of the bloodstream ?
CO2
what type of blood molecules go out of the alveoli and into the bloodstream ?
O2
is inhalation an active or passive process ?
active
define inhalation :
Inhalation is when you breathe in. Air comes into your lungs, bringing in oxygen that your body needs.
define exalation :
Exhalation is when you breathe out. Air leaves your lungs, getting rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas your body doesn’t need.
how many steps to inhalation are there ?
5
name the 5 steps to inhalation :
- diaphragm contracts (moves down)
- rib cage expands (moves up and out)
- lung volume increases
- negative pressure created relative to outside air
- air rushes in through mouth or nose (or both) to equalize air pressure
what way does your diaphragm move when breathing in ?
moves down
describe inhalation pressure relative to outside air …
pressure is negative compared to outside air
what way does your diaphragm move when breathing out ?
moves up
describe exhalation pressure relative to outside air …
positive pressure relative to outside air
how many steps to exhalation are there ?
5
name the 5 steps to exhalation :
- diaphragm relaxes
- chest wall returns to resting state
- lungs decrease in size
- positive pressure relative to outside air
- air rushes out
is active exhalation normal or forced ?
FORCED
contraction of abdominal and ribcage muscles
what happens to the chest and diaphragm when we breathe in ?
- chest expands
- diaphragm contracts / moves down
what happens to the chest and diaphragm when we breathe out ?
- chest contracts
- diaphragm relaxes / moves up
how many inspirations/expirations cycles do we average per minute ?
14-16
what are the two types of breathing ?
quiet and speech breathing
during quiet breathing how is duration split apart ?
inhale time = exhale time
during speech breathing how is duration split apart
10% inhalation and 90% exhalation
why do we have more % designated to exhalation ?
to ensure breath support for combining words and sentences
define quiet breathing :
is the normal, relaxed breathing you do when you’re just sitting or resting. You don’t think about it, and it keeps your body working by getting oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. It’s gentle and automatic
define speech breathing :
is the type of breathing you use when you’re talking. You take in more air than usual so you can say longer sentences, and you control how you let the air out to help with speaking. It requires more effort and control than quiet breathing
what is the laryngeal system ?
is a part of your throat that helps with breathing, speaking, and swallowing. It includes the larynx (voice box), which holds the vocal cords.
what part of your respiratory system has your vocal cords ?
laryngeal system
what is another name for the larynx ?
the voicebox
how do your vocal cords work ?
when you talk, air from your lungs passes through the larynx, and the vocal cords vibrate to create sound
what are the two main functions of the laryngeal system ?
- prevent aspiration
- voice (phonation)
what is aspiration ?
happens when food, liquid, or other material enters a person’s airway and eventually the lungs by accident
define “prevent aspiration” :
- protects trachea
- elevates and contracts during swallow
what is the trachea also known as ?
the windpipe
define how what we mean by “voice” being one of the functions of the laryngeal system :
created by vibrations of two vocal folds (cords) within the larynx
what are the 6 anatomical parts within the larynx ?
- hyoid bone
- epiglottis
- arytenoid catilages
- vocal folds
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
define the hyoid bone; its function/importance/role :
- this is a small, U-shaped bone at the top of your neck
- it supports the larynx (voice box)
- helps with swallowing and speaking by giving muscles something to attach to
define the epiglottis; its function/importance/role :
- this is a flap of tissue that acts like a lid
- when you swallow, it closes over your windpipe to keep food and drinks from going down into your lungs
define the arytenoid cartilage ; its function/importance/role :
- these are two small, moveable pieces of cartilage at the back of the larynx
- they help move and control the vocal cords, which are important for making sound when you speak
define the vocal folds (cords) ; its function/importance/role :
- these are bands of tissue inside your larynx that vibrate when air passes through them, creating sound
- they are essential for talking, singing, and making any kind of voice sound
define the thyroid cartilage ; its function/importance/role :
- this is the largest cartilage in the larynx, shaped like a shield
- it helps protect the vocal cords and is what creates the “Adam’s apple” in your neck
define the cricoid cartilage ; its function/importance/role :
- this is a ring-shapes cartilage at the bottom of the larynx
- it supports the larynx and helps with breathing by keeping the airway open
where are vocal folds attached ?
in the front to the thyroid carylage and in the back to the two arytenoid cartilages
what does “glottis” mean ?
area between vocal folds
during voicing/phonation how many steps are there ?
5
what are the 5 steps to voicing/phonation ?
- arytenoids rotate to midline
- vocal folds adduct
- subglittal air pressyre builds
- vocal folds blown apart
- vocal fold tissue recoils
do vocal cords abd or adduct to BREATHE ?
abduct (seperate with space)
do vocal cords abd or adduct during activities like speaking or swallowing ?
adduct (closed together)
what is the “phonating position” ?
closes glottal opening
what is “voicing” ?
- one cycle of phonation
- repeated cycles of phonation
what does “one cycle of phonation” mean ?
vocal folds open and close
what do repeated cycles of phoation do ?
produce sound
when our vocal fols come together and vibrate very quickly what is produced ?
a voice
how many factors is pitch determined by ?
2
what are the two pitch determining factors ?
- rate
- size and mass of vocal folds
what is another word for “rate” ?
frequency
when were talking about rate/frequency of vocal cords what are we specifically discussing ?
the opening and closing of vocal folds
what is the unit of measure for rate (frequency) of vocal folds opening and closing in ?
measured in Hertz
what is the thing were looking at to measure rate (frequency) of vocal folds opening and closing in ?
vibrations/second or cycles/second
faster rate of vibration =
higher pitch
slower rate of vibration =
lower pitch
anatomically, if we have a smaller size and mass of vocal folds =
higher pitch
anatomically, if we have larger size and mass of vocal folds =
lower pitch
when talking about contractions when do we hear a higher pitch ?
lengthened and tensed folds
when talking about contractions when do we hear a lower pitch ?
relaxed and shortened
what type of individual usually has a smaller size/mass of vocal folds and therefore a higher pitch ?
kids
what type of individual usually has a larger size/mass of vocal folds and therefore a lower pitch ?
adults
what is the fundamental frequency for young children ?
350 Hz
what is the fundamental frequency for women ?
240 Hz
what is the fundamental frequency for men ?
120 Hz
what is loudness determined by ?
changes in subglottal air pressure
if we have an increased forced what does this mean for loudness ?
increased loudness
if we see an increase in air pressure what else do we see ?
- increased force of holding vocal folds together or increased air pressure in lungs
- increased subglottal pressure
- increased force of vocal folds blowing apart
- increased air displacement
- increased loudness
define “articulation” :
movement of one structure againts another
where is the artuculatory system contained within ?
the vocal tract
what are the 3 main parts of the vocal tract ?
- oral cavity (mouth)
- nasal cavity (nose)
- pharynx/pharyngeal cavity (throat)
are articulators moveable or fixed ?
articulators can be moveable or fixed
how many anatomical parts total are there within the articulatory system ?
15
name the 15 total anatomical parts of the articulatory system :
- alveolar ridge
- nostrils
- lips
- mandible
- vocal folds
- glottis
- epiglottis
- uvula
- velum (soft palate)
- hard palate
- tongue
- teeth
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- pharynx
how many moveable articulators are there ?
5
what are the 5 moveable articulators ?
- tongue
- lips
- mandible
- soft palate
- pharynx
how many fixed articulators are there ?
2
what are the two fixed articulators ?
hard palate and teeth
what does it mean to be a “fixed” articulator ?
cannot move with any muscles
what body part is the most important articulator for speech ?
the tongue
TRUE OR FALSE
the tongue is fromed of several muscles
TRUE
what are the two types of muscles within the tongue ?
intrinsic and extrinsic
what are intrinsic muscles ?
muscles within/deep (running lengthwise and widthwise along tongue)
what are extrinsic muscles ?
muscles on a superficial level (attacj tongue to other structures)
what is the function of a tongue ?
- taste, eat, swallow, clean, and clear food from the mouth, and to speak
- influences resonance
- speech production
what is the most important articulator for speech production ?
tongue
define the structure of the tongue :
the dorsum of the tongue can be divided into the body and the root
what are the main parts that the tongue body can be divided into ?
the tip, blade, front, root, center and back
what are lips made up of ?
facial muscles
what do lips influence ?
resonance
what are lips most important ?
for several vowels and consonants
what are our lips used for ?
- support our verbal communication
- convey emotions
- hold breath underwater
- keep saliva inside our mouth
- move food away from gums
- provude an airtight seal for sucking
- direct air flow
- production of bilabial and labiodental consonants and vowels
what is bilabial ?
speech sounds formed by closing lips
what does the mandible do ?
- holds teeth in place
- influences resonance
what part of jaw is important for vowel differentiation ?
mandible
what is the more comment term used for velum ?
soft palate
where are the soft palate muscles attached to ?
to the back of hard palate
where is the hard palate ?
when you put your tongue on the roof of your mouth
TRUE OR FALSE
the soft palate includes the uvula
TRUE
when does the soft palate raises up ?
against pharyngeal wall during VP closure
- eating and drinking
- production of most sounds (oral sounds)
when does the soft palate remain down ?
- during normal breathing
- production of nasal sounds
what does VP stand for ?
velopharyngeal
what does VPI stand for ?
velopharyngeal insufficiency
what is velopharyngeal insufficiency in the soft palate ?
when the soft palate does not close tightly against the back of the throat, leading to air coming out the nose (characterized by hypernasality and/or nasal air emission) during speech
what does velopharyngeal insufficiency do to your voice ?
- makes communication difficult to understand
- sound more nasaly
what is the pharynx ?
a long muscular tube
the pharynx has how many sections ?
3
what are the 3 sections of the pharynx ?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
what are adenoids ?
a patch of tissue that sits at the very back of the nasal passage
where do adenoids sit ?
at the back of the nasopharyngeal wall
what does the pharynx connect ?
the nasal cavity to the esophagus
what do muscles do to the soft palate to help with VP closure ?
muscles move and squeeze
what type of articulator is the hard palate ?
fixed articulator
what is the bone of the hard palate ?
upper jaw, put our tongue on roof of our mouth
what does the hard palate separate ?
oral and nasal cavities
what is the hard palate imprtant for ?
- oral resonance
- prevents air, food, etc from getting past the nasal passage
what is speech resonance ?
the result of the transfer of sound produced by the vocal folds (source) through the vocal tract (filter)
what is the alveolar ridge ?
- portion of hard palate behind the upper front teeth (more bumpy)
what type of consonants is the alveolar ridge important for ?
t, s, n
does everyone have the same size of alveolar ridge ?
NO
is the soft palate near the front or back of the mouth ?
back
what is a “cleft” of the hard palate ?
a developmental defect in the hard palate that results in a communication between the oral and nasal cavities resulting in nasal reflux during feeds
what type of articulator are teeth ?
fixed articulators
what are teeth ?
the secondary role in speech sound production
what are the front four teeth called ?
incisors
what are the four differnt types of teeth ?
- inscisors
- eyetooth
- premolars
- molars
what word does the following definition define ?
“sound produced by larynx filtered (modified) by resonant characteristics of the vocal tract
resonance
what is the pharynx ?
acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produces by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds
what are changes in shape of pharynx created by ?
- tongue moving in and out
- pharynx wall moving in
- larynx moving up and down
can the pharynx change resonance ?
yes
what type of sounds can the pharynx make ?
“eeeee” and “errrr”
what is the oral cavity ?
the mouth
how is speech produced ?
S x T = P
what does “S” stand for ?
source (respiration)
what does “T” stand for ?
transfer function (filter) (different way we restrict airflow)
what does “P” stand for ?
product
what is the primary function of respiration in speech production ?
a) to generate sound waves
b) to provide a flow of air for voice
c) to control pitch
d) to articulate words
b) to provide a flow of air for voice
how does the diaphragm contribute to speech?
a) by chaging the pitch of the voice
b) by producing vocal fold vibrations
c) by regulating the loudness of the speech
d) by helping to control the flow of air from the lungs
d) by helping to control the flow of air from the lungs
how does the body achieve breath control during prolonged speech ?
a) by increasing the rate of inhalation
b) by contracting muscles to regulate exhalation
c) by decreasing vocal fold tension
d) by relaxing the diaphragm
b) by contracting muscles to regulate exhalation
which structure within the larynx is responsible for the production of voice ?
a) vocal folds (vocal cords)
b) thyroid cartilage
c) cricoid cartiladge
d) epiglottis
a) vocal folds (vocal cords)
what role does the arytenoid cartlage play in voice production ?
a) it provides structural support for the vocal cords
b) it regulates pitch of the voice
c) it moves to open and close the vocal folds
d) it directs airflow into the trachea
c) it moves to open and close the vocal folds
what happens to the vocal folds during the production of high-pitched sounds ?
a) they become shorter and tighter
b) they become longer and looser
c) they remain unchanged
d) they are fully abducted
a) they become shorter and tighter
which of the following structurew is primarily responsible for modifying the airflow to produce different speech sounds ?
a) larynx
b) nasal cavity
c) articulators
d) trachea
c) articulators
which articulators is involved in producing bilabial sounds ?
a) tongue
b) lips
c) teeth
d) palate
b) lips
what is the primary role of the tongue in speech production ?
a) to regulate through the vocal folds
b) to produce pitch variation
c) to filter sound waves
d) to manipulate the shape and size of the oral cavity for different sounds
d) to manipulate the shape and size of the oral cavity for different sounds
the area behind the upper front teeth, which is important in producing sound like [t] and [d], is called :
a) alveolar ridge
b) hard palate
c) glottis
d) velum
a) alveolar ridge
what is the function of the soft palate (velum) during speech ?
a) to move the jaw for different articulatory positions
b) to create turbulence for fricative sounds
c) to assist in the vibration of the vocal cords
d) to block the nasal cavity during the production of oral sounds
d) to block the nasal cavity during the production of oral sounds
