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Intro to Speech & Language Disorders 4411 > Lecture #1 - intro to communication > Flashcards

Lecture #1 - intro to communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is communication ?

A

process of eexchanging information related to an individual’s person’s needs, wants, perceptions, knowledge, or feelings

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2
Q

how much % of a person’s typical day is spent communicating ?

A

75%

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3
Q

what is communication science ?

A

an academic field that examines how people communicate as individuals, within a society, and in various cultures

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4
Q

what does encoding mean ?

A

creation of a message

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5
Q

what does decoding mean?

A

translation of a message

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6
Q

what does semiotics mean ?

A

the signs used in communication

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7
Q

what term is used to define the “sender” ?

A

encoding

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8
Q

what term is used to define the “receiver” ?

A

decoding

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9
Q

what term is used to define “gestures, smells, pictures, letters, etc.” ?

A

semiotics

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

excellent communicators are good at both encoding and decoding ?

A

TRUE

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11
Q

how many models of communication are there ?

A

3

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12
Q

what are the two most basical models of communication ?

A

the classic transmission model and the revised transmission model

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13
Q

what are the three models of communication ?

A
  1. classci transmission model
  2. revised transmission model
  3. the speech chain
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14
Q

what is the most complicated model of communicatino ?

A

the speech chain

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15
Q

define the classic transmission model :

A

encoder → message → decoder

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16
Q

define the revised transmission model :

A

encoder → message → decoder (feedback from message to encoder & another feedback from decoder to encoder)

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17
Q

what differentiates the classic transmission model vs the revised transmission model ?

A

the revised transmission model has 2 feedback loops

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18
Q

what do we mean by “feedback” in the revised transmission model ?

A

its when we encode, think, plan and revise as / before we say something… (this prevents us from saying something bad that we might regret)

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19
Q

in the most simplest terms why do models of commuincation have a “feedback” ?

A

so that we “ think before we say it”

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20
Q

define the “speech chain” model of communication :

A
  • this is the speaker (encoding) and listener (decoding)
  • is the most complex module
  • discusses the order from speaking, sound, ear anatomy, sensory nerves, brain, etc.
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21
Q

how many types of communcation are there ?

A

2

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22
Q

what are the types of human communication ?

A
  1. verbal communication
  2. nonverbal communication
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23
Q

define “verbal communication” :

A
  • speech and language
  • varies depending on the communication act
  • varies in formality
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24
Q

(varies depending on the communication act)

what is a discussion ?

A

exchange facts/opinions to make decisions

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25
Q

(varies depending on the communication act)

what is a dialogue ?

A

free flowing exchange of ideas

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26
Q

(varies in formality)

give examples of “formal” :

A

classroom, job interview, work place, etc.

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26
Q

(varies depending on the communication act)

what is a debate ?

A

to achieve agreement on a topic

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27
Q

(varries in formality)

give examples of “informal” :

A

informal party, with friends, etc.

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28
Q

how many types of nonverbal communication are there ?

A

6

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29
Q

what are the 6 types of nonverbal communication ?

A
  1. paralanguage
  2. sign language
  3. body language
  4. tactile communicatin
  5. proxemics
  6. physical appearance
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30
Q

define “paralanguage” :

A
  • nonverbal vocalizations
  • intonation, loudness, inflection, pitch, rate, etc.
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31
Q

what type of nonverbal communication is when “we can convey messages differently depending on pitch, rate, etc.” (ex. screaming something vs. saying it normally conveys a differement meaning) :

A

paralanguage

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32
Q

define “sign language” :

A

gestures (pointing & waving) using ASL or LSQ as communication

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33
Q

define “body language” :

A
  • facial expressions and postures
  • smile vs frown
  • eye roll
  • crossed arms, etc.
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34
Q

define “tactile communication” :

A

communication via touch (e.g., parent-child, establisting social interaction)

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35
Q

define “proxemics” :

A

use of space and time to communicate (e.g., interposonal space) (ex. the amount of space you keep between you and someone else can display how close you are with someone)

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36
Q

define “physical apperarence” :

A
  • conveys messages about background, etc.
  • affects judgement of others
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37
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

output/expression & input/understanding are two forms of ______ __________________

A

human communication

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38
Q

what are some examples of output/expression ?

A
  • spoken
  • written
  • nonverbal (gaze, facial expression, posture, proximity, touch, gestures, pantomime, finger, spelling, sign language, etc.)
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39
Q

what are some exmaples of input/understanding ?

A
  • auditory comprehension
  • reading comprehension
  • nonverbal
  • senses of smell, touch and taste
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40
Q

how many forums of human communication are there?

A

5

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41
Q

what are the 5 forums of human communication ?

A
  1. interpersonal
  2. group
  3. public
  4. organizational
  5. mass
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42
Q

define “interpersonal” :

A

you and me

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43
Q

define “group” :

A

three + people

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44
Q

define “public” :

A

larger scale, lectures and speeches

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45
Q

define “organizational” :

A

workplace

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46
Q

define “mass” :

A

larger puplic audience, e.g., radio/television

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47
Q

what does CSD stand for ?

A

communication science disorders

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48
Q

what is a language ?

A

a system of words and/or symbols used to comunicate meaning

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49
Q

what are some examples of language ?

A

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, etc.

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50
Q

what are the two types of language ?

A

receptive and/or expressive

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51
Q

what are some forms of language ?

A

oral, written, graphic, manual

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52
Q

what is speech?

A

sounds of spoken language / sounds within the words that we make

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53
Q

what are some characteristics of speech ?

A

articulation, fluency, vooice and resonance

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54
Q

what is hearing ?

A

the ability to percieve sounds

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55
Q

what term is used for “a symbol system for communication” ?

A

language

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56
Q

within language, what do use these “symbols” for ?

A

we use these “symbols” to create infinite # of words, phrases, rules, etc.

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57
Q

what do the symbols in language all us as a overall community to do ?

A

to commuicate specific ideas

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58
Q

give an exmaple of symbols within language :

A

when using a verb and we use the ending rule of “ed” …. as a whole we all now know that this rule occured in the past

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59
Q

what are 2 general language components ?

A

lexicon and structure

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60
Q

what is “lexicon” ?

A

vocabulary or mental dictionary

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61
Q

what is “structure” ?

A

rules giverning the ways in which sounds are combined into words and words are combined into sentences (arbitrary in each language)

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62
Q

what are 5 specific components to language (in regards to classification of communication for CSD) ?

A
  • phonology
  • grammar
  • syntax
  • semantics
  • pragmatics
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63
Q

define “phonology” :

A

sound positions and combinations (positions of sounds and words… ex. “ts” combined can only be at the end of a word but you will never see it in the middle)

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64
Q

define “grammar” :

A

the boys walkED to the store (how we know what to add t6o a word to make it mean a specific thing)

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65
Q

define “syntax” :

A

rules for how words get combined in sentences

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66
Q

define “semantics” :

A

different vocabulary can alter the meaning behind a word and therefore may change its context (same words meaning different things”

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67
Q

give an examples of “semantics” :

A

“stars” as in celebs vs. “stars” as in shooting stars in the night

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68
Q

define “pragmatics” :

A

application of language for social purposes … i.e., taking turns during a conversation

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69
Q

what are the two classifications for CSD ?

A

language and speech

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70
Q

when discussing language what are the three subcategories we break it down into ?

A

form, content and use

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71
Q

define “form” :

A

phonology, morphology and syntax

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72
Q

define “use” :

A

pragmatics

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73
Q

define “content” :

A

semantics, lexicon and vocabulary

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74
Q

what is the term used for “sound production for communication” ?

A

speech

75
Q

in the most simplest terms what is speech ?

A

the sound

76
Q

what are the structures of speech ?

A

vocal cords, tongue, lips, jaw, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, lungs, etc.

77
Q

what is sound transmitted via ?

A

oral-to-auditory pathway

78
Q

what are some anitomical parts of the vocal tract and articulators ?

A
  • upper & lower lip
  • nasal cavity
  • tongue
  • oral cavity
  • naso-pharynx, ooo-pharynx and larynx-pharynx
  • hard palate
  • and many more
79
Q

how many complex dynamic neuromuscular processes are there for speech ?

A

5

80
Q

what are the 5 complex dynamic neuromuscular processes ?

A
  • articulation
  • resonance
  • phonation
  • respiration
  • prosody
81
Q

what is “articulation “ :

A

the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech

82
Q

what is “resonance” :

A

air flow / how it gets shaped

83
Q

what is “phonation” :

A

production and utterance of speech sound

84
Q

what is “respiration” :

A

breathing

85
Q

what is “prosody” ?

A

the things that make speech sound fluid (pitch, speech rate, stress, etc.)

86
Q

what category does “swallowing” fall under ?

A

speech

87
Q

what term is described by not being a form of “communication” but a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used to speech (food) ?

A

swallowing

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

swalloing is NOT a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used for speech ?

A

FALSE

swallowing IS a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used to speech (food) ?

89
Q

what does swallowing help us do ?

A

swallowing helps us pass substances through oral cavity and phraynx and into esophagus

90
Q

what is swallowing ?

A

a complex, coordinated motor sequences of multiple muscle systems

91
Q

is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?

“the words and sentences people use”

A

language

92
Q

is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?

“the sounds that are used to produce words and sentences”

A

sound

93
Q

is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?

“includes articulation, voice, and fluency”

A

speech

94
Q

is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?

“how people share ideas and get needs/wants met”

A

language

95
Q

is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?

“includes what words mean, how to make new words, and how to put words together”

A

language

96
Q

what are the subcategories following the classification of communications for CSD ?

A
  • language
  • speech
  • hearing
97
Q

in the most simplest terms what define “hearing” :

A

ability to process sounds

98
Q

what is hearing ?

A
  • the perception of sound
  • the awareness of sound, the ability to distinguish among sounds, and the ability to process sounds that occur at a rapid rate
  • the sense through which spoken language or non-speech sounds are recieved, transmitted, processed, and understood
99
Q

what parts of the body are present in regards to hearing ?

A

ears, auditory nerve, and cerebral cortex

100
Q

what does hearing allow us to learn ?

A

our native language and speecg sounds as well as features of our regional dialect & to monitor our own use of speech and language

101
Q

describe the anatomy of the ear (major parts) :

A
  • outer ear
  • eardrum
  • middle ear
  • esustachian tube
  • ear canal
102
Q

describe the eustrachian tube :

A

this tube connects the ear to the throat

103
Q

describe the middle ear :

A

where the infection occurs

104
Q

what is a communication disorder ?

A

a diagnosed condition in which a person is unable to say correctly what he or she wants to say, and/or is unable to understand some or most of what is being said

105
Q

how many categories are communication disorders usually classified under ?

A

2

106
Q

what are the two general categories that communiation disorders are classified udner :

A
  • when the disorder first occurred
  • cause of the communication disorder (etiology)
107
Q

how many possibilities is there in regards to deciding WHEN the disorder occurred ?

A

2

108
Q

what are the two possibilities of WHEN the disorder occured ?

A

developmental or acquired

109
Q

define developmental (congenital) :

A

communication disorder associated with down syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss (BEFORE or RIGHT after birth)

110
Q

define acquired (i.e., after birth) :

A

communication disorder associated with TBI, noise inducing hearing loss (HAPPENED AFTER BIRTH)

111
Q

what term is used when the disorder occurs AFTER birth ?

A

acquired

112
Q

what term is used when the disorder occurs BEFORE birth ?

A

developmental

113
Q

what does TBI stand for ?

A

traumatic brain injury

114
Q

what are the two possibilities of HOW the disorder occured (etiology) ?

A

organic OR functional/idiopathic

115
Q

in the most simplest terms what does organic mean ?

A
  • structural
  • non medical condition that caused it
  • you know the cause
116
Q

what are some examples of organic disorder occurances …

A
  • lisp caused by missing front teeth
  • aphasia due to stroke
117
Q

in the most simplest terms what does functional/idiopathic disorder occurances …

A
  • no known cause
118
Q

are cases usually organic or functional/idiopathic ?

A

functional/idiopathic

119
Q

between organic and functional/idiopathic, which means no known cause ?

A

functional/idiopathic

120
Q

between organic and functional/idiopathic, which means a know cause that led to its results ?

A

oragnic

121
Q

what is the correct labelling of communication disorders ?

“A stutter” OR “A child who stutters”

A

a stutter

122
Q

what are the 3 branches of communication disorders ?

A

hearing, speech and language

123
Q

what are the 3 branches under hearing ?

A

conductive, sensorineural, central

124
Q

what are the 4 branches under speech ?

A

speech sounds production (5 factors), voice, resonance and fluency

125
Q

what are the 3 branches under language ?

A

preschool children, school aged children and adult/older adults

126
Q

does swallowing fall under a branch of communication disorders ?

A

no its its own sub category

127
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

variations in communication ARE impaiirments ?

A

FALSE

variations in communications are NOT impairments

128
Q

define “dialects” :

A

differences reflecting regional, social, cultural or ethnic identity

129
Q

give an example of a dialect :

A

boston accent; their pronounciation of the letter “R”

130
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Dialects IS an example of a communication impairment

A

FALSE

Dialects are NOT an example of a communication impairment

131
Q

how many main impairments of hearing are there ?

A

4

132
Q

what are the 4 impairments of hearing ?

A
  1. conductive hearing loss
  2. sensorineural hearing loss
  3. mixed
  4. central/auditory processing disorders
133
Q

define “conductive hearing loss” :

A

conduction of sound into and through hearing mechanism is blocked
(somewhere in hearing system the system gets lost and cannot go through … possible causes inclde too much wax, infection, fluid, etc.)

134
Q

define “sensorineural hearing loss” :

A

disease of inner ear or impaired enural transmission of sound
(damage to the cochlea or auditory path)

135
Q

define “misex” impariements of hearing :

A

combination of sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss
(ex. wax + damage combination)

136
Q

define “central/auditory processing disorders” :

A

normal hearing, but difficulty understanding speech and language
(typical difficulty understanding/processing the information but not due to a specific damage)

137
Q

how many impairments of sound are there ?

A

3

138
Q

what are the 4 impairments of sound ?

A
  • disorders of speech and sound production
  • voice disorders
  • resonance disorders
  • fluency disorders
139
Q

describe disorders of speech and sound production :

A
  • includes articulation disorder, phonological delay/disorder, motor-speech disorders, dysarthria, and apraxia
140
Q

what are some possible causes of disorders of speech and sound production ?

A
  • structural abnormality (cleft palate)
  • phonological impairments (rule-based difficulty)
  • developmental problem of unknown etiology)
  • associated with global development delay
  • acquired (stroke, TBI, etc)
141
Q

what does etiology mean ?

A

the cause or causes of a disease

142
Q

describe voice disorders :

A
  • involves vocal mechanism
  • alters pitch, quality, loudness of voice
  • may invlove physical changes to vocal structure
  • may be red flag for medical problem
143
Q

describe resonance disorders :

A
  • too much or too little nasal sound energy in the speech signal
  • cause may be structural or functional
144
Q

what are some examples of what resonance disorders may include ?

A
  • hypernasality
  • hypo nasality
  • cul-de-sac resonance
  • mixed resonance
145
Q

what is hypernasalty ?

A

too much nasal airflow

146
Q

what is hyponasality ?

A

not enough air flow

147
Q

what is cut-de-sac resonance ?

A

stuck

148
Q

what is mixed resonance ?

A

a mix between hypernasalty, hyponasality and cut-de-sac resonance

149
Q

describe fluency disorders :

A
  • interupting to normal, smooth flow of speech
  • stuttering
150
Q

when does stuttering usually begin ?

A

in childhoodc

151
Q

can a stutter be treated ?

A

yes it can be treated but does persist is some individuals

152
Q

what are some other types of fluency disorders ?

A

cluttering and acquired (neurogenic)

153
Q

how many impairments of language are there ?

A

2

154
Q

what are the two impairments of language ?

A

developmental language disorders and accquired language disorders

155
Q

define developmental language disorders :

A
  • language main area of impairment (language difficulty, developmental language disorder)
  • language impauirment in context of other developmental impairment/disorder (language disorder associated with autism spectrum disorder, developmental/intellectual disability, etc.)
156
Q

when in life do we see developmental language disorders ?

A

appears in childhood, may persist into adulthood

157
Q

what is a language difficulty ?

A

when individuals are young and were not sure if what they are experiencing will be a life long condition

158
Q

when do we know if an individual has a developmental language disorder ?

A

if its been years, kids are growing up and in school, and are still having the same reccuring issues and experincing the difficulties

159
Q

what is acquired language disorder ?

A

injury or disease causes loss of language

160
Q

what are some examples of acquired language disorders ?

A
  • stroke
  • head injury
  • alzheimer’s disease
161
Q

what are some types of acquired language disorders ?

A
  • aphasia
  • cognitive-communication disorder
  • demntial
162
Q

what stage of life do we see acquired language disorders ?

A

childhood or adulthood

163
Q

what is epidemiology ?

A

is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

164
Q

what is prevelance ?

A

the # of people with condition at a particular time

165
Q

give an example of prevelance :

A

total # of people with aphasia in canada

166
Q

what is incidence ?

A

rate of occurrence of new cases of the condition within a specified period

167
Q

give an example of incidence :

A

of new cases of aphasia in canada in 2024

168
Q

1 in how many people in Canada have a speech, language or hearing disorder ?

A

1/6

169
Q

how many % of canadians have a stutter ?

A

1%

170
Q

how many % of preschoolers have a speech or language disorder ?

A

4%

171
Q

how much % of stroke patients have a swallowing disorder ?

A

78%

172
Q

how much % of people with dimentia haave difficulty commuincating ?

A

95%

173
Q

how much % of people with parkinson’s disease have voice, speech and/or swallowing difficulties ?

A

85%

174
Q

what specific group of individuals shockingly (70%) of them in the UK have speech, language and communication needs that are often undetected ?

A

70% young offenders

175
Q

how much% of people with hearing loss could benefit from hearing aids ?

A

90%

176
Q

what are some aspects of life that having a language, sound or hearing disorder may affect quality of life ?

A
  • physical impact
  • psychological impact
  • spiritual impact
  • sociocultural impact
  • impact on possibilities/opportunities
177
Q

Who decides what is just an accent and what is a disorder?

A

An accent is never a disorder, it’s just a difference in the way speech is produced. SLPs do sometimes work with individuals who want to reduce their accent, but this is considered training (not intervention) and is always at the request of the individual

178
Q

what are the three topics under “Encoding” ?

A
  • Linguistic
  • Physiological
  • Acoustic
179
Q

define “linguistic” :

A

message organized in the brain (thinking about speaking)

180
Q

define “physiological” :

A

motor planning for speech movements (lips, jaw, tongue)

181
Q

define “acoustic” :

A

airborne signal (spoken language)

182
Q

what are the three topics under “decoding” ?

A
  • Linguistic
  • Physiological
  • Acoustic
183
Q

define “linguistic” :

A

listens to message

184
Q

define “physiological” :

A

muscles/bones/nerves of the ear – convert acoustic signal into electrical impulses – to auditory pathways in the brain

185
Q

define “acoustic” :

A

brain converts auditory signal to linguistic message

Intro to Speech & Language Disorders 4411 (7 decks)

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