Lecture #1 - intro to communication Flashcards
what is communication ?
process of eexchanging information related to an individual’s person’s needs, wants, perceptions, knowledge, or feelings
how much % of a person’s typical day is spent communicating ?
75%
what is communication science ?
an academic field that examines how people communicate as individuals, within a society, and in various cultures
what does encoding mean ?
creation of a message
what does decoding mean?
translation of a message
what does semiotics mean ?
the signs used in communication
what term is used to define the “sender” ?
encoding
what term is used to define the “receiver” ?
decoding
what term is used to define “gestures, smells, pictures, letters, etc.” ?
semiotics
TRUE OR FALSE
excellent communicators are good at both encoding and decoding ?
TRUE
how many models of communication are there ?
3
what are the two most basical models of communication ?
the classic transmission model and the revised transmission model
what are the three models of communication ?
- classci transmission model
- revised transmission model
- the speech chain
what is the most complicated model of communicatino ?
the speech chain
define the classic transmission model :
encoder → message → decoder
define the revised transmission model :
encoder → message → decoder (feedback from message to encoder & another feedback from decoder to encoder)
what differentiates the classic transmission model vs the revised transmission model ?
the revised transmission model has 2 feedback loops
what do we mean by “feedback” in the revised transmission model ?
its when we encode, think, plan and revise as / before we say something… (this prevents us from saying something bad that we might regret)
in the most simplest terms why do models of commuincation have a “feedback” ?
so that we “ think before we say it”
define the “speech chain” model of communication :
- this is the speaker (encoding) and listener (decoding)
- is the most complex module
- discusses the order from speaking, sound, ear anatomy, sensory nerves, brain, etc.
how many types of communcation are there ?
2
what are the types of human communication ?
- verbal communication
- nonverbal communication
define “verbal communication” :
- speech and language
- varies depending on the communication act
- varies in formality
(varies depending on the communication act)
what is a discussion ?
exchange facts/opinions to make decisions
(varies depending on the communication act)
what is a dialogue ?
free flowing exchange of ideas
(varies in formality)
give examples of “formal” :
classroom, job interview, work place, etc.
(varies depending on the communication act)
what is a debate ?
to achieve agreement on a topic
(varries in formality)
give examples of “informal” :
informal party, with friends, etc.
how many types of nonverbal communication are there ?
6
what are the 6 types of nonverbal communication ?
- paralanguage
- sign language
- body language
- tactile communicatin
- proxemics
- physical appearance
define “paralanguage” :
- nonverbal vocalizations
- intonation, loudness, inflection, pitch, rate, etc.
what type of nonverbal communication is when “we can convey messages differently depending on pitch, rate, etc.” (ex. screaming something vs. saying it normally conveys a differement meaning) :
paralanguage
define “sign language” :
gestures (pointing & waving) using ASL or LSQ as communication
define “body language” :
- facial expressions and postures
- smile vs frown
- eye roll
- crossed arms, etc.
define “tactile communication” :
communication via touch (e.g., parent-child, establisting social interaction)
define “proxemics” :
use of space and time to communicate (e.g., interposonal space) (ex. the amount of space you keep between you and someone else can display how close you are with someone)
define “physical apperarence” :
- conveys messages about background, etc.
- affects judgement of others
FILL IN THE BLANK
output/expression & input/understanding are two forms of ______ __________________
human communication
what are some examples of output/expression ?
- spoken
- written
- nonverbal (gaze, facial expression, posture, proximity, touch, gestures, pantomime, finger, spelling, sign language, etc.)
what are some exmaples of input/understanding ?
- auditory comprehension
- reading comprehension
- nonverbal
- senses of smell, touch and taste
how many forums of human communication are there?
5
what are the 5 forums of human communication ?
- interpersonal
- group
- public
- organizational
- mass
define “interpersonal” :
you and me
define “group” :
three + people
define “public” :
larger scale, lectures and speeches
define “organizational” :
workplace
define “mass” :
larger puplic audience, e.g., radio/television
what does CSD stand for ?
communication science disorders
what is a language ?
a system of words and/or symbols used to comunicate meaning
what are some examples of language ?
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, etc.
what are the two types of language ?
receptive and/or expressive
what are some forms of language ?
oral, written, graphic, manual
what is speech?
sounds of spoken language / sounds within the words that we make
what are some characteristics of speech ?
articulation, fluency, vooice and resonance
what is hearing ?
the ability to percieve sounds
what term is used for “a symbol system for communication” ?
language
within language, what do use these “symbols” for ?
we use these “symbols” to create infinite # of words, phrases, rules, etc.
what do the symbols in language all us as a overall community to do ?
to commuicate specific ideas
give an exmaple of symbols within language :
when using a verb and we use the ending rule of “ed” …. as a whole we all now know that this rule occured in the past
what are 2 general language components ?
lexicon and structure
what is “lexicon” ?
vocabulary or mental dictionary
what is “structure” ?
rules giverning the ways in which sounds are combined into words and words are combined into sentences (arbitrary in each language)
what are 5 specific components to language (in regards to classification of communication for CSD) ?
- phonology
- grammar
- syntax
- semantics
- pragmatics
define “phonology” :
sound positions and combinations (positions of sounds and words… ex. “ts” combined can only be at the end of a word but you will never see it in the middle)
define “grammar” :
the boys walkED to the store (how we know what to add t6o a word to make it mean a specific thing)
define “syntax” :
rules for how words get combined in sentences
define “semantics” :
different vocabulary can alter the meaning behind a word and therefore may change its context (same words meaning different things”
give an examples of “semantics” :
“stars” as in celebs vs. “stars” as in shooting stars in the night
define “pragmatics” :
application of language for social purposes … i.e., taking turns during a conversation
what are the two classifications for CSD ?
language and speech
when discussing language what are the three subcategories we break it down into ?
form, content and use
define “form” :
phonology, morphology and syntax
define “use” :
pragmatics
define “content” :
semantics, lexicon and vocabulary
what is the term used for “sound production for communication” ?
speech
in the most simplest terms what is speech ?
the sound
what are the structures of speech ?
vocal cords, tongue, lips, jaw, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, lungs, etc.
what is sound transmitted via ?
oral-to-auditory pathway
what are some anitomical parts of the vocal tract and articulators ?
- upper & lower lip
- nasal cavity
- tongue
- oral cavity
- naso-pharynx, ooo-pharynx and larynx-pharynx
- hard palate
- and many more
how many complex dynamic neuromuscular processes are there for speech ?
5
what are the 5 complex dynamic neuromuscular processes ?
- articulation
- resonance
- phonation
- respiration
- prosody
what is “articulation “ :
the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech
what is “resonance” :
air flow / how it gets shaped
what is “phonation” :
production and utterance of speech sound
what is “respiration” :
breathing
what is “prosody” ?
the things that make speech sound fluid (pitch, speech rate, stress, etc.)
what category does “swallowing” fall under ?
speech
what term is described by not being a form of “communication” but a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used to speech (food) ?
swallowing
TRUE OR FALSE
swalloing is NOT a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used for speech ?
FALSE
swallowing IS a scope of SLP practice due to use of same oral structures as used to speech (food) ?
what does swallowing help us do ?
swallowing helps us pass substances through oral cavity and phraynx and into esophagus
what is swallowing ?
a complex, coordinated motor sequences of multiple muscle systems
is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?
“the words and sentences people use”
language
is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?
“the sounds that are used to produce words and sentences”
sound
is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?
“includes articulation, voice, and fluency”
speech
is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?
“how people share ideas and get needs/wants met”
language
is the following sentence defining LANGUAGE or SPEECH ?
“includes what words mean, how to make new words, and how to put words together”
language
what are the subcategories following the classification of communications for CSD ?
- language
- speech
- hearing
in the most simplest terms what define “hearing” :
ability to process sounds
what is hearing ?
- the perception of sound
- the awareness of sound, the ability to distinguish among sounds, and the ability to process sounds that occur at a rapid rate
- the sense through which spoken language or non-speech sounds are recieved, transmitted, processed, and understood
what parts of the body are present in regards to hearing ?
ears, auditory nerve, and cerebral cortex
what does hearing allow us to learn ?
our native language and speecg sounds as well as features of our regional dialect & to monitor our own use of speech and language
describe the anatomy of the ear (major parts) :
- outer ear
- eardrum
- middle ear
- esustachian tube
- ear canal
describe the eustrachian tube :
this tube connects the ear to the throat
describe the middle ear :
where the infection occurs
what is a communication disorder ?
a diagnosed condition in which a person is unable to say correctly what he or she wants to say, and/or is unable to understand some or most of what is being said
how many categories are communication disorders usually classified under ?
2
what are the two general categories that communiation disorders are classified udner :
- when the disorder first occurred
- cause of the communication disorder (etiology)
how many possibilities is there in regards to deciding WHEN the disorder occurred ?
2
what are the two possibilities of WHEN the disorder occured ?
developmental or acquired
define developmental (congenital) :
communication disorder associated with down syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss (BEFORE or RIGHT after birth)
define acquired (i.e., after birth) :
communication disorder associated with TBI, noise inducing hearing loss (HAPPENED AFTER BIRTH)
what term is used when the disorder occurs AFTER birth ?
acquired
what term is used when the disorder occurs BEFORE birth ?
developmental
what does TBI stand for ?
traumatic brain injury
what are the two possibilities of HOW the disorder occured (etiology) ?
organic OR functional/idiopathic
in the most simplest terms what does organic mean ?
- structural
- non medical condition that caused it
- you know the cause
what are some examples of organic disorder occurances …
- lisp caused by missing front teeth
- aphasia due to stroke
in the most simplest terms what does functional/idiopathic disorder occurances …
- no known cause
are cases usually organic or functional/idiopathic ?
functional/idiopathic
between organic and functional/idiopathic, which means no known cause ?
functional/idiopathic
between organic and functional/idiopathic, which means a know cause that led to its results ?
oragnic
what is the correct labelling of communication disorders ?
“A stutter” OR “A child who stutters”
a stutter
what are the 3 branches of communication disorders ?
hearing, speech and language
what are the 3 branches under hearing ?
conductive, sensorineural, central
what are the 4 branches under speech ?
speech sounds production (5 factors), voice, resonance and fluency
what are the 3 branches under language ?
preschool children, school aged children and adult/older adults
does swallowing fall under a branch of communication disorders ?
no its its own sub category
TRUE OR FALSE
variations in communication ARE impaiirments ?
FALSE
variations in communications are NOT impairments
define “dialects” :
differences reflecting regional, social, cultural or ethnic identity
give an example of a dialect :
boston accent; their pronounciation of the letter “R”
TRUE OR FALSE
Dialects IS an example of a communication impairment
FALSE
Dialects are NOT an example of a communication impairment
how many main impairments of hearing are there ?
4
what are the 4 impairments of hearing ?
- conductive hearing loss
- sensorineural hearing loss
- mixed
- central/auditory processing disorders
define “conductive hearing loss” :
conduction of sound into and through hearing mechanism is blocked
(somewhere in hearing system the system gets lost and cannot go through … possible causes inclde too much wax, infection, fluid, etc.)
define “sensorineural hearing loss” :
disease of inner ear or impaired enural transmission of sound
(damage to the cochlea or auditory path)
define “misex” impariements of hearing :
combination of sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss
(ex. wax + damage combination)
define “central/auditory processing disorders” :
normal hearing, but difficulty understanding speech and language
(typical difficulty understanding/processing the information but not due to a specific damage)
how many impairments of sound are there ?
3
what are the 4 impairments of sound ?
- disorders of speech and sound production
- voice disorders
- resonance disorders
- fluency disorders
describe disorders of speech and sound production :
- includes articulation disorder, phonological delay/disorder, motor-speech disorders, dysarthria, and apraxia
what are some possible causes of disorders of speech and sound production ?
- structural abnormality (cleft palate)
- phonological impairments (rule-based difficulty)
- developmental problem of unknown etiology)
- associated with global development delay
- acquired (stroke, TBI, etc)
what does etiology mean ?
the cause or causes of a disease
describe voice disorders :
- involves vocal mechanism
- alters pitch, quality, loudness of voice
- may invlove physical changes to vocal structure
- may be red flag for medical problem
describe resonance disorders :
- too much or too little nasal sound energy in the speech signal
- cause may be structural or functional
what are some examples of what resonance disorders may include ?
- hypernasality
- hypo nasality
- cul-de-sac resonance
- mixed resonance
what is hypernasalty ?
too much nasal airflow
what is hyponasality ?
not enough air flow
what is cut-de-sac resonance ?
stuck
what is mixed resonance ?
a mix between hypernasalty, hyponasality and cut-de-sac resonance
describe fluency disorders :
- interupting to normal, smooth flow of speech
- stuttering
when does stuttering usually begin ?
in childhoodc
can a stutter be treated ?
yes it can be treated but does persist is some individuals
what are some other types of fluency disorders ?
cluttering and acquired (neurogenic)
how many impairments of language are there ?
2
what are the two impairments of language ?
developmental language disorders and accquired language disorders
define developmental language disorders :
- language main area of impairment (language difficulty, developmental language disorder)
- language impauirment in context of other developmental impairment/disorder (language disorder associated with autism spectrum disorder, developmental/intellectual disability, etc.)
when in life do we see developmental language disorders ?
appears in childhood, may persist into adulthood
what is a language difficulty ?
when individuals are young and were not sure if what they are experiencing will be a life long condition
when do we know if an individual has a developmental language disorder ?
if its been years, kids are growing up and in school, and are still having the same reccuring issues and experincing the difficulties
what is acquired language disorder ?
injury or disease causes loss of language
what are some examples of acquired language disorders ?
- stroke
- head injury
- alzheimer’s disease
what are some types of acquired language disorders ?
- aphasia
- cognitive-communication disorder
- demntial
what stage of life do we see acquired language disorders ?
childhood or adulthood
what is epidemiology ?
is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
what is prevelance ?
the # of people with condition at a particular time
give an example of prevelance :
total # of people with aphasia in canada
what is incidence ?
rate of occurrence of new cases of the condition within a specified period
give an example of incidence :
of new cases of aphasia in canada in 2024
1 in how many people in Canada have a speech, language or hearing disorder ?
1/6
how many % of canadians have a stutter ?
1%
how many % of preschoolers have a speech or language disorder ?
4%
how much % of stroke patients have a swallowing disorder ?
78%
how much % of people with dimentia haave difficulty commuincating ?
95%
how much % of people with parkinson’s disease have voice, speech and/or swallowing difficulties ?
85%
what specific group of individuals shockingly (70%) of them in the UK have speech, language and communication needs that are often undetected ?
70% young offenders
how much% of people with hearing loss could benefit from hearing aids ?
90%
what are some aspects of life that having a language, sound or hearing disorder may affect quality of life ?
- physical impact
- psychological impact
- spiritual impact
- sociocultural impact
- impact on possibilities/opportunities
Who decides what is just an accent and what is a disorder?
An accent is never a disorder, it’s just a difference in the way speech is produced. SLPs do sometimes work with individuals who want to reduce their accent, but this is considered training (not intervention) and is always at the request of the individual
what are the three topics under “Encoding” ?
- Linguistic
- Physiological
- Acoustic
define “linguistic” :
message organized in the brain (thinking about speaking)
define “physiological” :
motor planning for speech movements (lips, jaw, tongue)
define “acoustic” :
airborne signal (spoken language)
what are the three topics under “decoding” ?
- Linguistic
- Physiological
- Acoustic
define “linguistic” :
listens to message
define “physiological” :
muscles/bones/nerves of the ear – convert acoustic signal into electrical impulses – to auditory pathways in the brain
define “acoustic” :
brain converts auditory signal to linguistic message
