LECTURE #10 - pediatric speech sound disorders & fluency disorders Flashcards
when “diagnosing” pediatric SSDs, what is significant ?
1) is child’s speech different from their peers
2) does their speech interfere with communication ? can the child be understood ?
3) does the child avoid speaking situations ? is it impacting their engagement ?
can SLP’s in Canada diagnose ?
no
what are the 2 main assessments of speech ?
single word test and speech sample
what is the single word test ?
- is a method used to assess a person’s ability to recognize and produce speech sounds accurately. It typically involves asking the individual to repeat or identify single words spoken by a clinician. This test helps identify speech sound disorders and evaluates articulation and phonological skills.
in what assessement of speech do they :
- gather one example of each consonant sound in initial, median and final positions (I,M,F)
- standardized tests that provide an inventory of sounds child does and does not say
- give us one example
single word test
what is speech sample ?
- many examples of sounds in spontaneous conversation
- collect at least 100 different words
- percent consonants correct (PCC)
what do assessment of speech provide information on ?
1) number pf sounds produced incorrectly
2) how number of errors compares to sound production
if a child produces errors on one or two sounds what type of problem might it be ?
phonetic problem (articulation impairment)
if large numbers of sounds produced incorrectly, what do we look for ?
look for patterns of errors and phonological processes
if a child has large numbers of sounds produced incorrectly, what type of problem might they have ?
phonological (issues with the rules)
how many speech sound error patterns are there ?
4
what are the 4 speech sound error patterns ?
1) substitution errors
2) omission errors
3) distortion errors
4) addition errors
define “substitution errors” :
this is when a person replaces one sound with another. For example, saying “wabbit” instead of “rabbit.” The sound “r” is substituted with “w.”
define “omission errors” :
This occurs when a person leaves out a sound in a word. For instance, saying “ca” instead of “cat.” Here, the sound “t” is omitted, making the word shorter
define “distortion errors” :
This happens when a person produces a sound incorrectly, but it’s not completely different from the target sound. For example, saying “thun” instead of “sun,” where the “s” sound is distorted and comes out sounding like “th.”
define “additional errors” :
sound is added where it doesnt belong, often involves addition of unstressed vowel
(sound, usually a vowel,, is added where it shouldn’t be)
between the following, which is the least common ?
1) substitution errors
2) omission errors
3) distortion errors
4) addition errors
addition errors
what are two other assessment considerations not mentioned yet ?
stimulability and intelligibility
what is stimulability ?
refers to a person’s ability to correctly produce a sound when given a cue or prompt by someone else, like a speech therapist
- For example, if a child struggles to say the sound “s,” the therapist might say the sound slowly or show how to place the tongue. If the child can then repeat it correctly, they are considered “stimulable” for that sound.
what is intelligibility ?
is how well a person’s speech can be understood by others
- If someone is speaking and you can easily understand what they are saying, their speech is considered highly intelligible. If their speech is unclear or hard to follow, it has low intelligibility.
when is there a bigger impact of intelligibility ?
when large numbers of errors or omission errors
what is oral peripheral mechanism examination ?
is an assessment conducted by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) to evaluate the structure and function of the mouth, throat, and related areas involved in speech and swallowing.
what does OPE stand for ?
oral peripheral mechanism examination
what does OPE examine ?
1) structures for defects, tone, symmetry
2) function of structures for non-speech and speech movements
what is audiometric testing ?
is a procedure used to assess a person’s hearing ability. It helps determine the type and degree of hearing loss, if present.
what does SSDs stand for ?
speech sound disorder
what are the two main speech therapy approaches for intervention of SSD ?
1) articulation approach
2) phonological approach
what is “articulation approach” ?
for child who is unable to correctly say a few individual sounds (motor-based difficulty)
what is “phonological approach” ?
for child who can say sounds, but does not understand rule for saying sound in appropriate situations (rule-based difficulty)
FILL IN THE BLANK
children with physical or neurological challenges may requier _________
a team approach
what does articulation approach focus on ?
helping child to make correct productions
what does articulation approach use ?
uses sensory information to help elicit correct articulation
what approach uses “repetitive motor practice according to the principles of motor learning” ?
articulation approach
what is the traditional approach of the articulation approach ?
1) Provide auditory, visual and physical cues to help child say sound
– Child says sound after model
– Child watches and listens
2) Try to improve automaticity with which sound is said
– Provide lots of practice
– Child learns when sound feels correct or not
3) Increase length/complexity of stimulus
– syllables → words → sentences
4) Child learns to say sound outside therapy room
– Aka generalization
5) Child monitors how well they said targets
what is verbal-tactile cueing ?
is a technique used in speech and language therapy that combines verbal instructions with tactile (touch-based) prompts to help individuals improve their speech or communication skills.
what is the maximal contrast approach ?
a speech therapy technique that uses pairs of words to teach children new sounds
what is the “phonological approach” ?
- Focused on teaching the child the phonological rules they are struggling with
- Emphasizes changes in meaning caused by phonological errors, rather than teaching production of sounds
- Often uses contrastive approaches
– Use phonemic contrasts in rhyming word pairs
– e.g., Minimal Pairs Approach, Cycles Approach
what is the minimal pairs approach ?
– Child with cluster reduction
– e.g., says /pɔt/ for “spot” and “pot”
and /pi/ for “spy” and “pie”
– Therefore, child isn’t creating
meaning difference
– Present child with opportunities to
see way pair of words is different
what is the goal of the phonological approach ?
Goal = to improve intelligibility
what does therapy stimulate in the phonological approach ?
an emergence of patterns
what are the two types of cycles approach ?
vertical and horizontal
what do the cycles target selection target ?
Targets identified following a comprehensive speech
assessment
what are some cultural considerations ?
dialect and accent
define “dialect”
regional variety of particular language
define “accent” :
manner of pronunciation of a language
define Phonological Difference versus Phonological Delay or Disorder :
- Phonological Difference: Variations due to dialect or cultural background, not indicative of a disorder.
- Phonological Delay: Slower development of typical phonological skills compared to peers, expected to improve over time.
- Phonological Disorder: Persistent difficulties with phonological rules, requiring intervention to improve speech clarity.
define “Phonological Interference” :
Phonology of dominant language affects pronunciation of sounds in second language
