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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 3+4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3+4 Flashcards

1
Q

When we are talking about forages who are we talking about?

A

Herbivores, omnivores

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2
Q

What expenses of food are on a farm? What %?

A

75%

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3
Q

When assessing feed quality, what do we look at?

A

-Crude protein (typically the most expensive in the diet)
-Fibre
-Some assessment of digestibility

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4
Q

Why do we have an interest in feed composition ?

A

To allow comparison of feeds on a specific basis

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5
Q

List animal requirements:

A

-maintenance
-growth
-pregnancy and reproduction
-production

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6
Q

List the 2 main approaches in assessing the value of feedstuff:

A

1-Labratory assessment
2- Animal assessment

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7
Q

List the two laboratory assessments for assessing the feedstuff:

A

1- Chemical evaluation
2- In vitro digestion

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8
Q

Who created the chemical evaluation of feedstuff?

A

-Detergent
(Van Soest) system

Dr. Peter Van Soest

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9
Q

What is ash?

A

Minerals

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10
Q

NDS - what does it stand for?

A

Neutral detergent soluble ,
pH- 7

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11
Q

NDF- definition

A

Neutral Detergent Fibre

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12
Q

What solubilised in the NDS?

A

-Sugar
-Starches
-Organic acids

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13
Q

What didn’t solubilise in the NDF?

A

-NDSF
-Fructans
-Glucans
-Pectic substances

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14
Q

If a plant have more NDS, what does that make the plant?

A

More digestible

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15
Q

What do you put into the NDF to break it down?

A

Acid detergent extraction

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16
Q

When you put acid detergent extraction into NDF what comes out ?

A

Soluble things come out as - Hemicellulose

Insoluble things that come out - Acid detergent fibre (ADF)
-Cellulose
-lignin
-Fibre - bound N
-Heat - Damages N

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17
Q

Where are all the soluble nutrients of a cell?

A

All soluble nutrients are inside the cell

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18
Q

Why are we so interested in NDF?

A

It is an estimate of the digestibility of a plant

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19
Q

Why do plants produce NDF?

A

-Protection
-Structure
-Metabolic function

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20
Q

Once the barrier of the plants NDF breaks what happens? And what problems can arise ?

A

Bacteria, fungi infiltrate and
-produce mycotoxins

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21
Q

Why is mycotoxins bad?

A

Bad for the animals that eat it

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22
Q

Why is seaweed so good?

A

Doesn’t have much structural carbohydrate, highly digestible

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23
Q

How does a plant protect itself from dehydrating?

A

Creates more NDF
-Lignin reduces the loss of water

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24
Q

What stimulated lignin production?

A

Drought

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25
Q

What does lignin provide?

A

“Hydrophobic Surface”
It allows plants to transport water against gravity to heights greater than 100m

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26
Q

If it goes into neutral solution what can we nearly guarantee about the nutrients?

A

There highly soluble

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27
Q

In the Detergent (Van Soest) system whats the neutral detergent ?

A

Recovers major plant cell wall components

Recovers all other organic constituents

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28
Q

In the Detergent (Van Soest) system whats the acid detergent ?

A

Recovers cellulose , lignin, and lignin-N complexes

Removes hemicellulose and fibre-bound protein

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29
Q

Whats the cell contents of the Van Soest System soluble in?

A

Soluble in neutral detergent

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30
Q

What is there a close relationship between?

A

Solubility and digestibility

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31
Q

In the Van Soest System , what is the cell wall constituents insoluble in?

A

Insoluble in Neutral Detergent eg:
1- Soluble in acid detergent
2- Acid- detergent fibre (ADF)

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32
Q

Whats majority of the faeces ??

A

Water

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33
Q

What is also in faeces?

A

Micro organisms and then some proteins

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34
Q

What is the components of ADF?

A

-Cellulose
-Lignin

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35
Q

What does ADF never include?

A

Hemicellulose

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36
Q

Whats the fibrous component of ADF?

A

-Least digestible fibre portion of forage

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37
Q

Feeds with higher ADF are…

A

Lower in digestibility

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38
Q

ADF is often used to calculate what?

A

The content of feed because energy content of feed is related to its digestibility

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39
Q

In VIVO def

A

= long tedious, expensive
Medical experiment or test preformed on living organism
eg- human being or a laboratory animal

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40
Q

IN VITRO - def

A

A medical experiment or a study that is preformed only in a laboratory dish or test tube

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41
Q

What does in vitro digestion stimulate?

A

-Rumen digestion (48hr incubation in rumen fluid at 39 degrees Celsius)

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42
Q

Whats the dacron bag technique of in vitro digestion?

A

Gastric digestion (48hr incubation in pepsin solution at pH 2)

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43
Q

What does digestion measure ?

A

The loss of a nutrient (protein, dry matter, NFC, fibre) from dacron bags containing feed when incubated for different times in the rumen

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44
Q

List the two main approaches of assessment feedstuff in an animal?

A

1- Laboratory assessment
2- Animal assessment

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45
Q

List the 3 main approaches of animal assessment:

A

3 major approaches are:
* Digestion trial
* Balance trial
* Production (e.g., growth,
lactation) trial

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46
Q

Whats the requirements of a digestion trial?

A

-individual feeding
-Quantitive faeces collection, separated from urine
-Adequate number of animals >5
-Adequate sampling period >7
-Minimal disruption of feed intake

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47
Q

Whats a balance trial?

A

Requirements same as for digestion trial, plus measurements of urinary losses
eg- N balance = N intake - (faecal N + urinary N)

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48
Q

Whats the production trial applications?

A

1- Titrate maximal or optimal responses to:
a) total feed intake
b) intake of specific nutrients

2- Compare the nutritional value of different feed ingredients fed at the same level

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49
Q

What’s the Gain: feed ratio in a production trial feed utilisation ?

A

average daily weight gain /
average daily dry matter intake

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50
Q

Why isn’t a Lion able to survive on eating plants?

A

Lions cannot ferment/digest structural carbohydrates

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51
Q

Is a ruminants gi tract sefistated ?

A

Yes, multiple layers, all of these compartments

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52
Q

What is a carnivores gi tract like?

A

Small, 1 tube, not complex

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53
Q

Ingestion def

A

Apprehension of feed, chewing, and swallowing to the initial
digestive organs

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54
Q

Digestion def

A

– Reduction of food to utilizable form; physical and chemical
processing of ingested food
– Pre‐ingestion processing of feed starts the digestive process

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55
Q

Absorption def

A

– Active transport
– Passive diffusion

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56
Q

Metabolism def

A

Post‐absorptive utilization of nutrients

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57
Q

What type of nutrient is protein?

A

Macronutrient

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58
Q

What is the definition for an essential nutrient?

A

a substance that must
be obtained in the diet, because the body
either cannot make it or cannot make
adequate amounts of it

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59
Q

What is a definition for the nonessential nutrient?

A

s one that the body
can make sufficient quantities of it if is lacking
in the diet

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60
Q

What does active transport mean?

A

Requires energy - ATP

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61
Q

List essential nutrients : (4)

A

-Essential amino acids (10)
-Essential fatty acids (2)
-Vitamins
-Minerals

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62
Q

Macronutrient definition

A

is a nutrient that is provided
(not necessarily required) in relatively large
amount in the diet
This is something a body can make

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63
Q

Why isn’t carbs essential in a diet?

A

Because your body can make it - glyconeyogenicis

64
Q

List Macronutrients :

A

– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Water

65
Q

Micronutrients - definition

A

is a nutrient that is needed in
relatively small amounts in the diet

66
Q

What’s the largest component of a pigs diet?

A

Corn

67
Q

What do carbs make up the highest percentage of who’s diet?

A
  • Animals (farm animals)
68
Q

List a micronutrient

A

-Vitamin
-Mineral

69
Q

The more simple the GI tract is …

A

The more digestible the diet needs to be

70
Q

The more complicated the GI tract …

A

The more complicated the diet cam be, eg- structural carbs

71
Q

When you think of gastric what do you think of?

A

stomach, acid

72
Q

Post gastric fermemtors

A

The gastric compartment is after the stomach, eg- small intestine

73
Q

Pre gastric fermenters

A

-Ruminants , the gastric compartments are before the stomach

74
Q

Ruminant pre gastric ferment compartments

A

-Rumen
-reticulum
-omasum

75
Q

What is the big difference between ruminants and monogastric animals ?

A

the pre gastric fermentation process

76
Q

How many caecum’s do chickens have?

A

2

77
Q

What do chickens have that grind up their feed?

A

Gizzard

78
Q

does the GI tract absorb macronutrients ?

A

no the GI tract doesn’t absorb macronutrients -
they are too large
this is called digestion

79
Q

What is lactose structure?

A

disaccharide

80
Q

What are carbs broken down into?

A

Glucose

81
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

82
Q

what are fats broken down into?

A

fatty acids

83
Q

How do animals digest macros ?

A

They are different and largely depends upon morphology and anatomy

84
Q

Why can humans only go a few hours without eating

A

We eat often because we have to generate heat - 2000 cals a day

85
Q

what animals don’t generate heat?

A

Snakes, because they dont have to generate heat, they adapt to the heat of their environment

86
Q

why cant babies goes through the night without eating?

A

They have a large surface area

87
Q

Name a bulk feeder?

A

Snakes

88
Q

Lish pre gastric fermenters:

A

-Ruminants (cattle, sheep, deer, camel)
-Non ruminants ( Colobine monkey, Hamster, Kangaroo )
-Hoatzin

89
Q

List hind gut fermenters / Post gastric fermenters

A

-Cecal digesters (Capybara, Rabbit, rat, mice)

90
Q

List hindgut fermenters that have a colonic digesters (sacculated)

A

Elephant, horse, zebra, new world monkeys , pig, human

91
Q

List hindgut fermenters that have a colonic digesters (unsacculated)

A

Panda, dog, cat

92
Q

Why does a panda eat so much bamboo?

A

Because they are trying to get nutrients out of it

93
Q

Do all animals have some fermentative capacity? what is it directly related to?

A

Yes, its directly related to fibre consumption

94
Q

What breaks down polysaccharides (forages) ?

A

bacterial enzymes , these bacterial enzymes are made from microorganisms in the animal
and they go into monosaccharides

95
Q

what breaks down monosaccharides? (glucose) what’s is broken down into?

A

Glycolysis broken down into pyruvate (3C)

96
Q

What is pyruvate (3C) broken down into?

A
  • Acetate (2C)
    -Propionate(3C)
97
Q

What do 2 acetate molecules create?

A

Butyrate 4C

98
Q

Whats the small you get from feet?

A

Its from butyrate

99
Q

List VFA’s:

A

Acetate (2C)
Butyrate (4C)
Propionate (3C)

100
Q

Where does the VFA’s absorbed in your body?

A

-Rumen
-Colon

101
Q

What’s the most abundant structural carbohydrate on this planet ?

A

Cellulose

102
Q

What’s the two methods for breaking down feed :

A

-Enzymatic/Chemical digestion
-fermentation digestion

103
Q

What type of digestion does the ruminant use or the pre gastric fermenter use?

A

1- Fermentation (Ruminant)
2- Enzymatic (Small Intestine )
3- Fermentation (Large Intestine)

104
Q

What type of digestion does a monogastric animals have?

A

1- Enzymatic ( stomach, Small Intestine)
2- Fermentation (Large intestine)

105
Q

What’s a microbe?

A

Organic matter

106
Q

How is ruminants food get digested?

A

by the micro organisms
carbohydrates are fermented by vfas

107
Q

How are VFAS absorbed?

A

Straight through the rumen walls (this is how rumens gets their energy)

108
Q

What’s the “true stomach” used to digest microorganisms?

A

This is how ruminants get their protein?

109
Q

Pre gastric fermenters that are non ruminants , what do they have ?

A

“Sacculated” stomach

110
Q

List pre gastric fermenters that have a “sacculated stomach”

A

Colbine monkey, Hamster, Vole Kangaroo, Hipopatomas, Hoatzin

111
Q

How many guts do hippopotamus have ?

A

4 guts

112
Q

What are the outside of a lobster?

A

Structural carbohydrates

113
Q

What is the shells covered with of fish?

A

Chiton - its fibre

114
Q

What does the whale eat?

A

chitinolytic bacteria to digest chiton on the crustacean
So, similar to the ruminant….there’s fermentation but not of cellulose but of chiton

115
Q

What does sacculated stomachs allow for ?

A

Fermentation capacity

116
Q

Does the alpaca stomach have sacculated compartments?

A

Yes

117
Q

Name ceacal fermenters? (another name )

A

Post gastric (hind gut) fermenters

118
Q

List ceacal digestors:

A

Capybara Rabbit, Rat, Mice

119
Q

Where do the fermentation chambers come in hindgut fermentations?

A

After the “stomach” and the small intestine
They have enlarges hindgut or pouches called “cecae”

120
Q

Name a Saculated Colon Digeste

A

Horse

121
Q

Name a Cecal Digesters

A

Capybara

122
Q

Whats important to know about rabbits

A

Produces two kinds of feces
– One has lots of undigested fiber
– The other is a clearance of caecal contents
(soft, high in microbial content)
* Rabbits eat this to gain microbial
nutrition (primarily protein and vitamins)

123
Q

Name 2 post gastric fermenter names

A

a) Cecal Fermenters
b) Colonic fermenters

124
Q

List animals that are colonic digesters that are sacculated

A

-Elephant
-Horse
-Zebra
-New world monkey
-Pig
-Human

125
Q

List animals that are colonic digesters that are unsacculated

A

-Panda
-Dog
-Cat

126
Q

What % of a horses GI tract is the LI?

A

60%

127
Q

Do all mammals have some fermentative capacity?

A

Yes some capacity that allows utilisation of ingested fibre

128
Q

How many litres are in a gallon?

A

3.78

129
Q

List adaptions to feed sources

A

-Prehension
-Mastication
-Deglutition

130
Q

What is prehension ?

A

Prehensile adaptations include
forelimb (primates, raccoon),
snout (elephant, tapir), tongue
(anteater, cow), lips (horse,
sheep)

131
Q

What type of prehension happens in domestic animals?

A

they use there lips, teeth and tongue

132
Q

What is Mastication adaptions ?

A

Masticatory adaptations include
large canines and incisors
(carnivores), specialized molars
(herbivores), relative
toothlessness of edentates
(sloths, armadillos)

133
Q

What does chewing food increase?

A

-surface areas and allows enzymes to act on molecules

134
Q

Whats important to know about Carnivores when chewing?

A

Carnivores only to reduce the size of the
particle to a size small enough to swallow

135
Q

Whats important to know about herbivores in the stomach?

A

Herbivores must chew continuously (40‐
50,000 times a day) to increase surface area

136
Q

What does mechanical Digestion mean ?

A
  • Physical breakdown of food
    begins with the teeth
    grinding the food and
    increasing its surface area.
    An increase surface area
    allows for easier chemical
    digestion
  • Bacteria living in the mouth
    can feed off of nutrients
    sticking to the teeth and
    cause tooth decay.
137
Q

Whats more digestible, meet or plants?

A

Meet is more digestible ,the SI is smaller than Herbivores

138
Q

What determines the adaptations in the GI tract?

A

The diet

139
Q

What animals have gastric fermentations?

A

Ruminants

140
Q

Whats deglutition ?

A

Deglutition (swallowing) varies
little with diet but quantity and
composition of saliva varies
considerably

141
Q

Whats functions of digestion?

A
  • Moisten feed (salt and water)
  • Lubrication (aids swallowing)
  • Starch and (or) lipid digestion (amylase and
    (or) lipase): species dependent
142
Q

How much saliva do different species have?

A

Amount of secretion
 Dogs minimal (lubrication, no enzymes)
 Sheep 3‐10 liters/d
 Horse 10‐12 liters/d
 Cattle 130‐180 liters/d

143
Q

What does the human stomach act as?

A
  • The stomach acts as a
    temporary storage site for
    food. Food usually spends
    about 4 hours in the
    stomach. It has ridges
    which allow it to expand to
    store about 1.5 litres of
    food.
  • The stomach is also the site
    of initial protein digestion
144
Q

What is Movement in the stomach controlled by?

A

Sphincters

145
Q

Whats the partially digested food called in the stomach?

A

Chyme

146
Q

Why is SI in mammals shorter than other herbivores or omnivores?

A

Because meat is more digestible therefore shorter GI tract

147
Q

Where does the length of GI tract of omnivores fall?

A

Falls somewhere in the middle

148
Q

What does pregastric fermentation increase?

A

Efficiency of fibre digestion

Larger nonruminants offset their digestive inefficiency by eating more

Large quantity of faeces

149
Q

Whats one of the larger animals on land?

A

African elephant - eat 200-300kg of grass and trees a day and generate 100kg of faeces

150
Q

How many times cam panda poop a day?

A

40

151
Q

What do small nonruminants do?

A

Smaller nonruminants select more
digestible forage components and/or
practice coprophagy

152
Q

What do you need o know about coffee?

A

Kopi Luwak (animal)

AKA: Civet Coffee

153
Q

List foregut fermentors :

A

Bovids
Camelids
Sloths
Colobus monkeys
Kangaroos
Hoatzins

154
Q

List Hindgut fermentors:

A

Elephants
Horses
Rabbits
Rodents
Grouse
Iguanas
Some turtles

155
Q

Whats the vent in poultry ?

A

Common chamber into which the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive tracts open.
When fecal material is excreted, the vent folds
back allowing the rectal opening of the large
intestine to push out, closing the reproductive tract
opening.

156
Q
A

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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