Lecture 1+2 Flashcards
Ingestion definition
Act of eating
Digestion definition
The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
Absorption definition
Take up small molecules from the digestive compartment
Elimination Definition
Undigested material that passes out of the digestive compartment
What is DM feed?
Non water component of feed “solids”
What does starch break down into?
Glucose
What does protein break down into?
Amino Acids
What’s another word for corn?
Maize
Why is it important to put things on a
DM basis?
For the cost and Nutrient value
How do we process food?
feed mills
Why do we process foods?
To increase the surface area and it also increases the digestibility
How do humans increase the surface area of things?
-Cooking
-Chewing
What is an incredibly important
phenomenon in nutrition?
Fermentation
Name an ancient way of preserving food and feed?
Fermentation
List a few examples of fermentation processes :
1) Rumen and hind gut fermentation
* Via microorganisms
2) Alcohol fermentation
* Via microorganisms
3) Lactic acid fermentation – in oxygen deprived muscles cells
4) Bread making,
* Via microorganisms
What is fermentation the process of?
Transforming carbs (starch, sugar) into alcohol and carbon dioxide or organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, etc) through yeast, bacteria or a combination of the two
What’s a common food we use fermentation on to preserve it?
-cabbage
-kim cheese
When we fart what is that from?
Fermentation in our large intestine
What’s 3 vital fatty acids?
1- Acetic acid
2- Propionic acid
3- Butyric acid
What percent of moisture does corn need to be or below before harvesting?
15% or less
How many grams are in a pound?
454g
How many pounds are in a kilo?
2.2g/lb
How many grams are in a kilo?
1000g
How many pounds are in a ton?
2000lb/kg
How many litres are in a gallon?
3.78l/gallon
If we are trying to find out the dry matter what do we do?
We multiply
If we are trying to find out the as fed what do we do?
We divide
If your buying cheese the older it is the less what is in it?
The less lactose is in it
What type of animals consume the entire plant?
Ruminants and equine animals
What type of animals only consume the seeds of plants
Monogastric and a lot of beef animals (ruminants)
Whats a plants goal?
-Reproduce
-Develop
-Protect seed
Whats a farmers goal?
Harvest a high quality seed
Whats a ruminants goal?
Take the starch and fibre from the plant and use it as energy
Is the plants cell wall digestible?
no
Name 3 structural carbohydrates:
-Hemicellulose
-Cellulose
-Lignin
What do structural carbohydrates do for the plant?
These give the plant strength
What structural carbohydrate do we use in our homes?
Lignin, its wood, we use it in our homes.
Name a non structural carbohydrate?
Starch, soluble sugars, pectin
Can ruminants digest structural carbohydrates?
-Cellulose and hemicellulose (potentially)
-Lignin (never)
What’s the plants main goal?
-Reproduce
What does a plan cell contain?
-protein
-sugar
-starch
-pectin
-fats
is sugar a carbohydrate?
Yes
Whats the primary carbohydrate of wood?
Lignin
Name a simple sugar (simple carbohydrate)
Glucose
Is sugar and pectin soluble?
Yes they are soluble (very digestible)
Is structural carbohydrates digestible to monogastric animals?
Completely indigestible
Of a young plant the structural carbohydrate of the plant is ….
(Cell wall is small)
Low, weak you can break it
Of a mature plant the structural carbohydrate of the plant is …
(Cell wall is thick , Digestibility goes down as it gets thicker)
Tuff, strands of fibre , hard to take off
Where does the uptake of nutrients occur in a plant?
-Root
-Leaves
Of the plant thats not water what is the nutrients of a plant?
Carbohydrates (included cellulose in the cell walls)
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-oxygen
What does a concentrate mean?
Hight nutritional value of a feed stuff
-Concreted form of energy
What do the plant roots absorb?
Minerals from soil
Where does the CO2 diffuse into the leaves from?
Stomata
Stock, leaves and husks, what are they called?
Forages/ Roughage
Name the most abundant elements in the dry weight of a plant
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
Herbaceous plant- definition
a plant that has leaves and steams that die down at the end of the growing season.
They have no persistent woody stem above ground
What are roughages/forages defined as?
Defined by the fraction of cell wall
What’s important to know about roughages/forages
As the proportion of cell wall increases, feeds
become bulkier: requiring a greater volume to
hold an equal weight of substance
List forages
leaves and stems of
grasses (incl. cereals),
legumes, brassicas
List grains
seeds of cereals, oilseed
plants
Is hull digestible?
No , its 100% fibre its lignin
(Outside coat of shell)
Most of a cornel of corn is …
Starch
Whats cereal grains family name
Gramineae
Why do towns in iowa have a feed mill?
Because of the hull
World coarse cereal grain (not wheat or rice)
production increased by ??? between 1990/91
and 2006/07
15%
In the germ of the seed , What is the nutrients in it?
Protein and Lipid
One the hull is processed the rest of the seed is….
Highly digestable
Why are barley and oats sometimes known as rough grains
Because of heavy hulls
Are rice hulls digestible?
almost totally indigestible because of their high lignin and silica content
Are cereal grains digestible?
Highly digestible (usually)
What’s dent also known as?
Field corn
Why does the kernel of popcorn pop?
Cause there water in it, the water in kernel turns into steam and pops it due to the pressure
Where is field corn used?
Feeding and industrial products
What’s flint corn also known as?
Indian corn
- very hard exterior
-grown in central and south America
Why is dent corn dent?
Starts to loose water and causes a dent
Sweet corn has more natural sugars than what….
Than dent corn
- it has 4 vs 10% sugar
What is something to know about corn
50% of sugar in corn will be converted to starch within 24hr (eat fresh- tastes nicer)
Whats flour corn used for?
Used in baked goods, kernel is soft and easy to grind
When was pop corn first produced
3600BC
-very hard hull
-Flint corn
In countries outside north America what is corn referred to?
Maize
In areas where it grows well, corn will produce….
more digestible energy per unit of land than
any other grain crop.
Why is corn a great food for animals/people
-very digestible
-very palatable
List the Roots, tubers
turnips, beets, potatoes
Whats do ethanol plant want out of the corn ?
Starch
List by product of plants
cereal seed coats,
oilseed meals
List the two families that most cultivated forages are classified into…
-Grasses
-Legumes (alfalfa)
What do plants require to synthesise amino acids?
NH3 (ammonia) and NO3-(nitrate)
What is most nitrogen in the atmosphere in the form of?
Nitrogen gas, N2
What do plants lack the ability to convent?
N2(NITROGEN) to ammonia but some bacteria have this capacity
What do legume roots have?
Nodules
What are nodules composed of?
plant cells that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium
Inside the nodule, Rhizobium bacteria assume a
form called ????, which are contained within
vesicles formed by the root cell.
Bacteroides
What does nitrogen fixing bacteria supply?
nitrogenous
minerals in the soil by converting N2 to NH3
(ammonia), via nitrogen fixation.
What parts of the plant are -more nutritious
-higher in non structural carbohydrate and protein
-lower in structural carbohydrates
Leaves
What part of the plant is
-less nutritious
-Higher in structural carbohydrate
-vascular tissue
Stems
is In Florence of a plant important as parts of a feed with a plant?
no unimportant
What is the fruit of the plant rich in?
-starch
(cereal grain)
-oilseed (protein and lipid-
rich)
Are the roots of the plant important?
generally unimportant
except in a few cases
What is forage nutritive value composite?
Nutrient density
-content of specific nutrient/unit weight
Digestibility
-Ability of animal to digest and absorb nutrients
What is the apparent digestibility % formula
dietary intake - feces output x100/
dietary intake
what are enzymes?
protein
What is Apparent digestibility:
-Not all nutrients that “disappeared” were
utilized by the animal
– Microbial utilization and synthesis
* GIT secretions
– Digestive enzymes (i.e. proteins)
* GIT epithelium turnover
What is your faeces made up of?
-mostly water (75%)
and then
-Fibre
-Bacteria
-Stuff our body cam digest
-Fats
-Cholesterol
What should healthy feaces have in water?
Bubbles, due to microorganisms fermenting
What is factors affecting nutritive value of forages?
-Maturity (older the plant is , less digestible it becomes) Due to the structural carbohydrate going up.
its called lignification
more lignin= less digestible
What is another factor affecting the nutritional value of a forage?
Leaf stem ratio
-stem stock goes up as the plant gets mature, more structural carbohydrate, digestibility goes down with maturity, yield goes up with maturity
Is the fibre in leaves more or less digestible than the fibre in the stems?
Leaves
What should farmers do when cutting their stick?
Cut higher to improve quality (reduce fiber)
Why do outside rows of corn silage tend to have lower digestibility
More structural cabs cause it needs to be strong
List stressors of plants
-Temperature
-Light intensity
-Moisture deficit
-Moisture excess
-Soil fertility
