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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 18- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Lecture 18- Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The study of energy supply , utilisation and dissipation in animals

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2
Q

What is the definition for energy?

A

This is the capacity for performing work.

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3
Q

What do nutrients contain?
How is this yielded in the body?
What is this * used for?

A

-Chemical energy
-Yielded upon chemical breakdown
-Used in the body to perform chemical, mechanical, electrical or osmotic work.

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4
Q

What is the efficiency of conversion of chemical energy to work ?

A

Its less than 25%, the remaining 75% is converted to thermal energy (heat)

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5
Q

What are the measurements for energy?

A

-Joule
-Calorie

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6
Q

How many joules is in 1 calorie?

A

1 calorie = 4.184 J

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7
Q

How many calories are in 1 kcal

A

1000 calories

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8
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure the amount of energy in something?

A

Bomb Calorimeter

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9
Q

What nutrient produces the most heat?

A

1- Lipids
2- Protein
3- Carbohydrates

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10
Q

How much energy is ingested in :
1- Carbohydrates
2- Proteins
3- Fat
4- Alcohol

A
  • 4kcal/g carbohydrate
  • 4kcal/g protein
  • 9kcal/g fat
  • 7kcal/g alcohol
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11
Q

What are the potential consequences of ingested energy?

A

1- Converted to chemical energy. (Oxidation of glucose into 38 ATP for “work”
2- Stored (glycogen, adipose tissue, muscle)
3- Excreted
4- Liberated as heat (most)

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12
Q

Whats the Energy Balance Equation?

A

Energy in = Energy out + Energy to stores.

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13
Q

Can energy be created or destroyed?

A

NOOOOO

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14
Q

What does BMR stand for and explain it:

A

Basic Metabolic Rate:
Amount of energy used by a fasted animals resting in a natural environment (Same as the amount of heat produced )

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15
Q

What is BMR the same as?

A

RMR :
Resting Metabolic Rate

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16
Q

What is Maintenance Energy Requirement ?
and what is it usually?

A

The amount of dietary energy required to maintain a constant body weight.
Usually 1.5-2x that of BMR

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17
Q

What is body weight exponentially related to?

A

Surface area -
thus energy requirements are frequently described on an metabolic body
weight (BW 0.75)

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18
Q

What is a positive energy balance?

A

Energy in is greater than energy out (weight gain)

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19
Q

What is a negative energy balance?

A

Energy out is greater than the energy in (weight loss)

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20
Q

What is an energy equilibrium?

A

Energy out is the same as the energy in (weight manintance)

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21
Q

What is GE?
What is used to find this?
Is this accurate way of gathering data?

A

-Gross energy= Total energy content of feed.
-Bomb calorimeter- Energy released as heat
when a feed if completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O
-Provides little information on nutrient utilisation.

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22
Q

What does feed intake provide functions for in the body?

A

-Maintenance
-Growth
-Work
-Lactation
-Gestation

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23
Q

What is FE?
What are the 2 sources of this?

A

Faecal Energy
This is the largest energy loss.
1-Undigested food
 Indigestible
 Increased rate of passage
2-Endogenous
 Active secretion
 Cells slough
 Undigested microbes and their metabolites

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24
Q

What is DE?
Whats another name for this?
What does this provide?

A

Digestible energy = Gross energy-Fecal energy.
Apparent digestibility.
It provides some assessment of biological value.

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25
Q

What is the digestible energy losses
For ruminant animals?
For horses?
For pigs?

A

-40-50% for roughages, 20-30% for grains
-35-40%
-20%

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26
Q

What does the total gross energy in urine like?
-Whats it called in mammals
-Whats it called in birds
-Whats the gross energy for pigs?
-Whats the gross energy for cattle?

A

Loss is stable (influenced by diet)
-Urea in mammals
-Uric acid in birds
-2-3% for pigs
-4-5% for cattle

27
Q

Whats the main form of gas thats lost?

A

Methane (CH4)

28
Q

Name the animal that the greatest gaseous losses are in:

A

Ruminants (82% DE)

29
Q

What loss is so small that its not considered for ME?

A

Gaseous losses (>95% of DE)

30
Q

What is Metabolic Energy? (ME)
Is this ME more or less accurate than DE?

A

ME=
DE-Gas and urine energy
More accurate
(Can be calculated from DE)

31
Q

What sort of energy is used in swine and poultry industries and also human nutrition ?

A

ME (Metabolic Energy)

32
Q

Ruminants ME =
Nonruminants ME=

A

Ruminants= 82% of DE
Nonruminants= >95% of DE

33
Q

Name the 2 Retained energy:

A

1- Net Energy Gain
2- Net Energy Intake(Lactation)

34
Q

What % of gross intake can heat increment be?

A

25-40% (2nd largest energy loss)

35
Q

Whats the lowest HI? for what nutrient

A

For fat

36
Q

Whats the highest HI? for what nutrient

A

For fibre

37
Q

How are there losses of energy as heat?

A

 Basal metabolism
 Muscular activity
 Digestion and absorption
 Microbial fermentation
 Product formation
 Waste formation and
excretion
 Thermal regulation

38
Q

What is left after accounting for losses to
feces, urine & gasses and heat increment?

A

Net Energy

39
Q

Where is the only place we loose heat through out body?

A

Through our skin

40
Q

Whats is Heat Increment?

A

It is the energy just in fermentation and in metabolic process

41
Q

List the different Net Energies?

A

1- NEm
2- NEg
3- NEl
(Maintance, gain, lactation)

42
Q

Whats the best indication of energy available for maintance and production:
Whats it especially used in what industries?

A

Net energy
Beef, Dairy, Sheep

43
Q

Can you assign a simple NE value to a feedstuff?

A

Its not possible to assign a single NE value to a feedstuff

44
Q

Learn the diagram off

A
45
Q

What are factors that effect BMR?

A
  • Height, weight and surface area
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Physiological state
  • Body Composition (confounded with age and gender)
  • Emotional state
46
Q

Whats expensive to maintain in the body?

A

Muscle, constant protein turnover.

47
Q

Typical weight loss involving reduced caloric intake results in the loss of fat and muscle … whats the %?

A

-70% (fat)
-30% (muscle)

48
Q

Why does an animal nearly always regain the weight as adipose tissue?

A

After an animal looses weight, they require
fewer calories but frequently don’t alter diet regimen. As a consequence they almost always regain the weight as
adipose tissue.

49
Q

What type of energy is involved in net energy?

A

-Maintenance (NEm)
-Retained energy (RE)

50
Q

Whats the defination for maintenance energy ?

A

Its the amount of dietary energy (protein) needed to maintain an animal in zero energy (nitrogen) balance.

51
Q

List the 3 maintenance energy requirements:

A

1-Basal metabolism
2-Muscular work
3-Temperature regulation

52
Q

Whats basal metabolism affected by?

A

Body size

53
Q

Hes gonna ask about the bomb in the exam so know it

A
54
Q

What do small animals have and increased ________ ratio and consequently a larger________ ________ ________ to the environment per unit time.

A

-Surface-to-volume
-Relative heat loss

55
Q

How must an animal maintain a constant high body temperature?

A

A small animal must oxidise food at a high rate.

56
Q

Why do snakes coil to stay warm?

A

To reduce their surface area

57
Q

On the back of a feed what type of calories are they talking about ?

A

ME (Metabolism Energy)

58
Q

Whats the goal for an anima?

A

to maintain constant internal temperature

59
Q

If im feeding broccoli to my dog instead of steak why is DE and ME different

A

The animal cant digest it as its high is structural carbs so he farts it out.

60
Q

What is heat increment

A

Body temp goes up after eating a meal. He starts to sweat because its taking energy to eat the meal.
(fermentation generates enormous amount of heat)

61
Q

Whats the equation (symbol for metabolic body weight)

A

W0.75

62
Q

Who looses more energy, ruminants or monogastric?

A

Ruminants , especially going from DE to ME

63
Q

Do puppies or dogs have a higher energy requirement?

A

Animal requires a dense nutrient and digestible diet than adult energy

64
Q

What does decreased ambient temperature increase?

A

Increases metabolic rate because the animal HAS to maintain healthy body temperature

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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