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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 19- Post- Absorptive CHO metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 19- Post- Absorptive CHO metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism def

A

Breaking down of a nutrient or tissue

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2
Q

Oxidation def

A

Utilisation a nutrient to generate ATP, CO2 and H2O

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2
Q

Anabolic def

A

Creating tissue

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3
Q

Glycolysis def

A

Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis def

A

Making of glucose from non carbohydrate precursor

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5
Q

Glycogen def

A

Storage form of glucose (Liver and muscle)
* Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis)
* Glycogenolysis

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6
Q

What do products of glycolysis enter?
What does it generate?

A

-TCA Cycle
-Citric Acid Cycle
-Krebs Cycle
(All the same thing)

-It generates ATP

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7
Q

Name the primary potential fuel sources: (4)

A

1-VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids)
2-Non-esterfied Fatty Acids aka free fatty acids
3-Amino Acids
4-Glucose

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8
Q

Where’s the site for CHO digestion in
-Monogastric
-Ruminants

A

-Small intestine in monogastrics
-Propionate in rumen

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8
Q

Wheres the site for glycogen breakdown?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Wheres the site of gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver , kidney

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10
Q

Post absorptive glucose metabolism :
Whats the process for absorbed glucose?

A

1-Energy/Oxidation (produces CO2 and H2O) Glycolysis and TCA cycle (Produce ATP)
3-Stored as glycogen
4-Stored as fat or made into milk fat
5-Carbons utilized for amino acid synthesis

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11
Q

Name a catabolic process in absorbed glucose:

A

Energy/Oxidation: produces CO2 and H20
* Glycolysis and TCA cycle
– Produce ATP

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12
Q

Name anabolic processes in absorbed glucose:

A

-3) Stored as glycogen
– 4) Stored as fat or made into milk fat
– 5) Carbons utilized for amino acid synthesis

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13
Q

Whats the most important metabolic fuel in monogastrics

A

-Glucose
-Fatty acids.

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14
Q

Whats the most important metabolic fuel for ruminants ?

A

Acetate

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15
Q

Whats the only fuel that the brain uses?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

What can the brain use during starvation circumstances as a fuel?

A

Ketones

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17
Q

How much glucose/day does the adult human brain need?

A

120g glucose/day

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18
Q

How much glucose/day does the whole body need?

A

160g/glucose/day

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19
Q

How much glucose is in circulation in the body?

A

20g

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20
Q

Whats liver glycogen stores of glucose in the body?

A

150-180g of glucose

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21
Q

Whats the muscle glycogen stores amount in the body?

A

300-350g of glucose

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22
Q

What is the only organ in the body that can secrete/release glucose?

A

Liver
(Muscles cannot)

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23
Q

To provide glucose over long periods what does the body transform?

A

Non-carbohydrate compounds into glucose through gluconeogenesis (Amino acids, Lactate, Glycerol)

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24
Q

What are glucose transporters called?
And how many of them are there?

A

GLUT
12 GLUT transporter isoforms identified so far

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25
Q

Whats the transporter for GIT and kidney epithelium?

A

SGLT1

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26
Q

Whats the transporter for brain, placenta and fetal tissue?

A

GLUT1

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27
Q

Whats the transporter for liver, pancreatic, B-cells, basolateral membranes, intestine/renal tubule (reabsorption)

A

GLUT2

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28
Q

Whats the transporter for nerve cells, kidney and placenta ?

A

GLUT3

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29
Q

Whats the transporter for Insluin regulation, muscle, fat, heart?

A

GLUT4

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30
Q

Whats the transporter for fructose transporter, apical membrane of GIT?

A

GLUT5

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31
Q

Whats the transporter for intracellular membrane transport , liver?

A

GLUT7

32
Q

What does mammalian storage of excess glucose called?

A

Glycogen

33
Q

Where does glycogen synthesis occur?

A

Liver and muscle

34
Q

What does the synthesis of a branched polysaccharide form glucose resemble?

A

Amylopectin

35
Q

What are especially important as an emergency source of blood glucose?

A

Liver stores

36
Q

Whats glycogenolysis ?

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
The liver secretes the glucose, muscle only oxidises glycogen released

37
Q

Name precursors for gluconeogenesis :

A

-Propionate (gut)
-Amino Acids (gut, muscle)
-Glycerol (Fat mobilization)
-Lactic acid (Gut & Cori cycle)

38
Q

Name glucose requirements:

A

-Pregnancy (For fetus)
-Lactation (Lactose Synthesis)
-Lipid synthesis (in monogastrics)
Adipose, mammary

39
Q

What is insulin synthesized by?

A

By the pancreas

40
Q

What is insulin stimulation increased by?

A

Increased glucose concentrations

41
Q

What does insulin shut down? (2)

A

-Gluconeogenesis
-Glycogenolysis

42
Q

What is synthesized by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

43
Q

What is glucagon stimulated by?

A

the reduction in glucose concentrations

44
Q

What does glucagon stimulate?

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

45
Q

What does the adrenal gland synthesize?

A

Epinephrine

46
Q

What does epinephrine cause?

A

Intermediate glycogenolysis

47
Q

What does epinephrine increase?

A

Glucose during fight or flight

48
Q

What are glucose coordinators : (2)

A

-Insulin
-Glucagon epinephrine cortisol

49
Q

What is insulin secretion in beta cells triggered by?

A

rising blood glucose levels

50
Q

What does insulin binding to the insulin receptor induce?

A

Signals transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

51
Q

What does insulin also do?

A

Increases uptake of glucose into cells

52
Q

What do well fed animals have levels of?

A

-High insulin levels
-Low glucagon and epinephrine

53
Q

What do hungry animals have levels of?

A

-Low insulin levels
-High glucagon and epinephrine

54
Q

What does lower blood glucose trigger?

A

Secretion of glucagon

55
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone produced by the a cells of the pancreas

56
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose in several ways: (3)

A
  • stimulates breakdown of liver glycogen
  • inhibits glucose oxidation in liver
  • stimulates liver gluconeogenesis
57
Q

What is epinephrine secreted by?
And why is it stimulated?

A

Adrenal gland
In response to stressful stimuli
(fear, excitement, haemorrhage, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, etc..)

58
Q

What does the hormone epinephrine lead to ?
What does it stimulate?

A

Leads to glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscle.
Stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion, reinforcing its effect of mobilizing fuels.

59
Q

Post absorption of carbohydrate metabolism, monogastric….what occurs?

A

-Oxidize glucose for energy and energy storage
– Blood glucose averages 80-100 mg/dl
– Gluconeogenesis occurs many hours after a meal
– Much of circulating glucose is diet derived

60
Q

Post absorption of carbohydrate metabolism, ruminants….what occurs?

A

-Oxidizes acetate for energy and energy storage
– Gluconeogenesis immediately after meal(100% of circulating glucose is derived from gluconeogenesis)
– Blood glucose averages 40-60 mg/dl
– Circulating glucose is NOT derived from diet

61
Q

Post absorption of carbohydrate metabolism, most omnivores….what occurs?

A

-Oxidize glucose for energy and energy storage
– Blood glucose averages 80-100 mg/dl
(Become hypoglycaemic when on a CHO-Free diet)
– Gluconeogenesis occurs many hours after a meal
– Much of circulating glucose is diet derived

62
Q

Post absorption of carbohydrate metabolism, most omnivores….what occurs?

A

-Oxidizes glucose for energy and energy storage
– Gluconeogenesis immediately after meal
– Blood glucose content is maintained even on strict
CHO-free diet
– Circulating glucose is NOT derived from diet
– Limited ability to store hepatic glycogen

63
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

A metabolic disorder in which the body has high sugar levels for prolonged periods of time. (Hyperglycemia)
Due to:
-Insulin deficiency
-Insulin insensitivity
or both

64
Q

Whats the most frequent diagnosis of endocrine disorders in what animals?
How much has incidences have increased since 1970?

A

-Diabetes Mellitus
-Companion animals
-Increased 10 fold since 1970

65
Q

Who was the first human to receive insulin? and what year?

A

-January 1922
-Leonard Thompson

66
Q

What are associated factors of diabetes with dogs?

A

-Increased risk with age
-Certain breed types= more prone.
( Samoyeds, Siberian Huskies, Keeshonds, Finnish Spitz, Miniature Schnauzers and miniature poodles.)

67
Q

What are dogs with reduces risk of developing DM?

A

Golden Retriever, Boxer, Papillion and Tibetan Spaniel

68
Q

What are associated factors with cats and diabetes?

A

Increased incidence with age
* Certain cat breeds are more prone
– Burmese
* Neutered males have increased risk

69
Q

What indicates that theres Diabetes mellitus?

A

GTT

70
Q

What is GTT unable to determine?

A

Type 1 or Type 2

71
Q

How is diabetes determined between type 1 and type 2 ?

A

-Measure insulin concentrations
–Do an insulin tolerance test

72
Q

What is obese type 2 diabetes percentage of type two and also what are the factors?

A

-85%
-Reduced sensitivity to insulin
-Often with hyperplasia of beta cells
-Beta cells insensitive to glucose
-Hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulemia

73
Q

What is non-obese type 2 diabetes percentage and what are the factors ?

A

-15%
-Strong genetic trait
-Often associated with mutations in insulin receptors and/or signal transduction molecules.

74
Q

Type 2 diabetes: what are factors of it?

A

-High blood glucose
-High blood insulin
-High blood fat levels (NEFA)
-High blood ketones(made from NEFA)

75
Q

What is insulin deficiency often in conjunction with?

A

-Glucagon excess
-Glucocorticoid
-Adrenalin

76
Q

What are clinical signs of type 2 diabetes?

A

-Weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia
-Weakness and depression
-Bladder Infections

77
Q

What is the key to controlling type 2 diabetes?

A

-Exercise
-Diet

78
Q

What improves insulin sensitivity?

A

Short term weight loss

79
Q

What is type 2 treatment and prevention ?

A

Maintain a healthy body weight
* Maintain blood glucose post-prandially
* Exogenous insulin
* Consistency of diet chemical composition
– Insulin dosage based upon (in part) on dietary CHO
– Use pet foods with guaranteed fixed
formulation
* Minimize dietary simple CHO

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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