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ANS 319 Animal Nutrition > Lecture 17- Vitimans > Flashcards

Lecture 17- Vitimans Flashcards

1
Q

Who isolated an anti-beriberi substance from rice polishings?

A

Polish biochemist Casimir Funk

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2
Q

What did Russian scientsists discover in 1880?

A

Rodents die if they are fed “purified foods” if they added 1ml of milk to the diet the mice remained healthy.

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3
Q

What where synthesized by the microflora within the large intestine? What is the exception?

A

-Several of the B vitamins and the K vitamins
-Ruminants

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4
Q

Whats a folklore medicine …

A

Cod liver oil

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5
Q

List 4 general functions of vitimans:

A

1-Nuture growth: reproduction : maintain life.
2-Prevent deficiency diseases
3-help enzymes release energy from carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
4-They are regulator molecules. they regulate normal growth and development

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6
Q

Do vitimans provide energy by themselves?

A

NOOOO

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7
Q

Name the 2 classification groups of vitamins:

A

1-Chemically and biologically diverse; therefore hard to classify (water soluble and fat soluble)
2-Not metabolic fuels (like glucose and fatty acids) of metabolism and other nutrients

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8
Q

List fat soluble vitamins that are important in animal nutrition: (5)

A

1- A , retinol
2- D2, ergocalciferol
3- D3, cholecalciferol
4- E, tocopherol
5-K, phylloquinone

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9
Q

List water soluble vitamins that are important in animal nutrition: (4)

A

1- B1, thiamine
2- B2, riboflavin
3- B6, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, biotin, folacin, choline.
4- B12, cyanocobalamin

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10
Q

Are all vitamins essential?

A

All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all vitamins
are necessarily required in the diet, depending on the diet
and the vitamin concerned.

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11
Q

Where is vit K made?

A

By the large intestine microflora

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12
Q

What can most mammals synthesise?

A

Vitamin C from glucose

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13
Q

What can ruminants obtain adequate supply of?

A

Vitamin B from bacterial synthesise in the rumen.

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14
Q

1-What are fat soluble vitamins absorbed with?
2-What % is the absorption efficiency?
3-What is the absorption typically regulated by?
4-What happens after this whole process occurs?

A

1-Dietary fat across small intestine. (hydrophobic)
2-40-90% absorption efficiency.
3-Increased need=increased absorption rate.
4-Transported away from the small intestine in chylomicron via the lymph

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15
Q

What does the liver do with fat soluble vitamins?

A

Liver either stores the vitamin or repackages it for delivery to other cells

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16
Q

Where do access fat soluble vitamins accumulate ?

A

They accumulate in the liver and adipose tissue

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17
Q

What is always (nearly always) associated with fat soluble vitamins? how are these toxicities excreted?

A

Toxicities almost always occur
Can be excreted by the liver through bile.

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18
Q

Do you need to consume bile on a regular basis?

A

No you do not need to consume fat soluble vitamins on a regular basis

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19
Q

List the Water soluble, B complex vitamins: (7)

A

1- B1
2- B2
3- B3
4- B5
5- B6
6- B12
7- C

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20
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

-What is water soluble vitamins absorption often?
-Where are they transported to?
-Where are they stored?
-What’s the bottom line with these vitamins?

A

-Highly regulated by wither other vitamins or binding proteins in the small intestine.
-Transported away from small intestine in blood
-Typically not stored instead kidney filters excess into urine.
-More important to provide these vitamins daily. (Toxicities are rare)

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22
Q

What are the categories of water soluble vitamins?

A

-Vitamin C
-B complex vitamins

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23
Q

What is fat soluble vitamins closely associated with?
What does this require?
What is this transported by?
Where is this stored?

A

Absorption and transport of lipids (requires bile salts) (transport by chylomicrons)
-Stored in body lipids.

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24
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Are they kept in the body for a long period of time?
How/When are they excreted?

A

-Directly into the portal blood
-Not retained by body for long periods of time (exception is B12)
-Excreted in urine when plasma levels exceed normal.

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25
Q

What type of vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine?

A

-Water soluble and Fat soluble.

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26
Q

What type of vitamins are hydrophilic?

A

Water soluble vitamins

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27
Q

What type of vitamins are hydrophobic?

A

Fat soluble

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28
Q

What vitamins are absorbed into the blood?

A

Water Soluble

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29
Q

What type of vitamins are absorbed into the lymph?

A

Fat-Soluble

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30
Q

What vitamins are generally not stored in the body?

A

Water-Soluable

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31
Q

What type of vitimans are stored in the body?

A

Fat soluble

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32
Q

What vitimans generally dont build up and become toxic?

A

Water soluble

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33
Q

What vitamins can become toxic if they build up?

A

Fat soluble

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34
Q

What vitamins do we need to consume daily?

A

Water soluble

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35
Q

What vitamins do we not need to consume daily?

A

Fat soluble

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36
Q

Are vitamins found in all types of feed?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What can decrease the amount of vitamins in feed?

A

Food processing

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38
Q

Vitamins from animals are generally more what?

A

More bioavailable/digestible than those in plants.

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39
Q

What makes vitamins destructive? (looses stability)

A

-Oxygen, heat, acids, trace minerals.

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40
Q

Why should you use feed within 3-4 weeks after mixing?
Or why would you increase dietary vitamin levels to account for losses?

A

Vitamins loose there activity overtime(stability is effected)

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41
Q

What’s the Units to measure fat soluble vitamins?

A

IU - A measure of biological activity

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42
Q

What does ICU stand for?

A

International check unit (used to express vitamin D requirements of poultry )

43
Q

What are other vitamin measured in weight units as?

A

ug, ng, mg

44
Q

What are provitamins?

A

Provitamins function as
vitamins only after
undergoing a chemical
change in the body.
e.g. β‐carotene to vitamin A

45
Q

-Where can you get Vit A from?

A

-Animal sources. They provide various retinoids that are easily converted to retinol in the body. , plant sources don’t contain vitamin A but they provide carotenoids. (precursor of Vit A)

46
Q

Whats the provitamin A?

A

β-carotene

47
Q

How many carotenoids are found in nature?

A

500
– Less than 10% with provitamin A activity
– B-carotene highest activity
– Must be acted upon in the gut or by the liver to form retinol

48
Q

What does Vitamin A give to plants?

A

The red, orange, yellow pigment.

49
Q

What are carotenoid used in the food industry for?

A

As a colorant (orange)

50
Q

Where is Vitiman A:
-Stored
-Used as
-Important for

A

In liver
Used as an antioxidant
Important for sight

51
Q

What does deficiency of Vitamin A cause?

A

Night blindness (500,000 causes worldwide)

52
Q

What can prevent blindness at night?

A

Rice with high vitamin A can prevent night blindness

53
Q

What did the ancient Greeks do to get vit A?

A

night blindness cured with eating liver or application of liver juice to the eyes

54
Q

What are sources of Vit A?

A

Animal sources:
-Liver (the [Vit A] content of polar bear liver is so
high that it can be toxic to humans)
-Milk
Egg yolk
Fish (tuna, sardines, herring)
Plant sources: (Provitamin)
-Alfalfa
-Green leafy vegetables
-The chlorophyll masks the red/orange colour

55
Q

Whats Vit D also known as?
Whats Vit D main role?

A

Calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption.
Its main role is to regulate and maintain calcium and potassium levels.

56
Q

What type of vitamins can animals synthesise in the presence of sunlight?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

57
Q

What can vitamin D be made from?

A

Cholesterol

58
Q

What does vit D act more like?

A

a hormone than a vitamin

59
Q

What are sources of Vit D?

A

-Primarily in foods if animal origin (Liver, dairy, eggs, oily fish)
-Not found naturally in many foods.
-Plants
-Fluid milk product’s are fortified with vit D

60
Q

Whats another name for Vit D?

A

Calciferol

61
Q

Whats another name for Vit D2?

A

Ergocalciferol

62
Q

Whats another name for Vit D3?

A

Cholecalciferol

63
Q

What is Vit D3 produced by?

A

Photochemically by the action of sunlight or ultraviolet light from the precursor sterol 7-dehydrocholesterol

64
Q

What can rickets be caused by?

A

Lack of sunlight , but also from insufficient calcium and phosphors

65
Q

When was there an era of rickets in Europe?

A

Industrial revolution. Because people moved from farms and into cities, working indoors.

66
Q

Name the 2 functions of Vit D:

A

1- Bone development
2-Hormone

67
Q

Whats vit D also known as and why, what is it ,made from?

A

The sunshine vitamin.
Not always essential body can make it if exposed to enough sunlight. Made from cholesterol.

68
Q

How is Vit D formed?
in
1-Skin(UV light)
2-Liver
3-Kidney

A

1- *7-dehydro cholesterol (turned into) vit D3
*Ergosterol (turned into) vit D2
2- *OG group added
3- *OH group added by 1- hydroxylase

69
Q

Name the active form of Vit D 3?

A

1,25- Dihydroxy vitamin

70
Q

What does a vit D deficiency cause ?

A

Rickets (in young animals)
Ostermalacia or osteoporosis (in older animals)
Poultry (decreased egg production & hatchability. Thin shelled eggs.

71
Q

What can Vit D toxicity cause?

A

Anorexia, nausea, hypertension(high blood pressure).
Hyper-calcification of soft tissue. (hardening of arteries)
Hypercalcemia (normal is 10mg/dl)
Excess blood calcium leads to stone formation in kidneys.

72
Q

What is another word for Vit E?

A

Tocopherol

73
Q

What is Vit E essential for?

A

Factor for rodent reproduction.

74
Q

What type of fam is Vit E?

A

Fam of 8 naturally occurring compounds (syntheses by plants)(tocopherols and tocotrienols)

75
Q

What is Vit E used as ?

A

An antioxidant in foods

76
Q

Whats strange about the deficiency’s of Vit E?

A

They arent well understood.
Americans spend $300 million per year on vit E supplements.

77
Q

List sources of Vit E:

A

Plant sources:
Cereal grains (Especially germ)
Veg and seed oils
Animal sources:
Not nearly as good of a source as plants.
Concentrated in fatty tissues.
Beef fed high levels of vit E right before slaughter to improve shelf like can be source

78
Q

What does Vit K contribute to?
How can it be reactivated ?What does it work as?

A

-Synthesis of 7 blood clotting factors.
-Reactivated to continue biological action.
-Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins.

79
Q

List sources of Vit K

A

1-Bacteria in the large intestine (10-15%) or rumen
2-Plant sources: Green leafy veg, some oils, broccoli.
3-Animal Sources: Milk, liver.

80
Q

Whats the functions of Vit K?

A

Clotting factors are synthesised in the liver as inactive precursors. Vit K converts them to their active forms.

81
Q

Name 2 antagonists of Vit K:

A

1- Dicoumarol and Warfarin (they both prevent coagulation)

82
Q

Where is Dicoumaloral found?

A

In mouldy sweet clover

83
Q

What is the story with sweet clover disease?

A
  • Especially after procedures that causes bleeding
  • Cattle were dying from dehorning and castration
84
Q

What medication was used to thin blood?

A

Waefarin

85
Q

What are 2 Vit K deficiency in humans resulting in?

A

1) Hemorrhagic disease in first few days of life;
death caused by subdural hemorrhage
(Vit K given at birth)
2) Antibiotics
1) Reduces bacterial synthesis and thus absorption

86
Q

Name the 2 water soluble vitamin’s :

A

B vitamins and C vitamins

87
Q

What originally where B vitamins thought to be?
What do they act primarily as?

A

They thought there was just 1 Vitamin.
But there where actually 8. They act primarily as coenzymes in metabolic pathways (important for ATP production)(Important for MANY additional functions.)

88
Q

Where is Vit B present?

A

Present in plant and animals cells. Widley distributed in feeds.

89
Q

What does Vit B generally act as?

A

Components of coenzymes in energy - yielding reactions.

90
Q

What is the vit B dietary requirement closely liked with?

A

Closely linked to metabolic rate

91
Q

What are Vit B ruminant requirements met entirely by ?

A

Ruminant requirements are met entirely by rumen bacterial synthesis (they don’t need to consume, they make there own)

92
Q

What is the story with Vit B tissue storage?

A

Must be continually supplied in diet or by ruminal synthesis

93
Q

Whats the story with Vit B functions?

A

Several B vitamins have close general functions but each has a specific role

94
Q

What are ruminant requirements if B vit met by?

A

Rumen bacterial synthesis (The microbes synthesise B vitamins)

95
Q

Does hindgut bacterial synthesis and absorption meet full requirements for a horse?

A

No its insufficient
Coprophagy helps to recycle and better utilise vitamins for cecal fermenters

96
Q

What are Vit B sources :

A

Plant sources:
-Fibrous portion of plant
-Most cereals and grain products and enriched
Animal sources:
-Liver
-Milk
-Egg
-Beef, pork, chicken

97
Q

What a symptom of a vit B deficiency :

A

Fatigue (but theres lots of sympotms)

98
Q

Whats Vit C also known as?
Whats it found in?
Whats is destroyed by?

A

Ascorbic acid, ascorbate.
Found in Citrus fruits etc.
Destroyed by exposure to oxygen and destroyed by heat.

99
Q

What do most mammals synthesize ascorbate from? Who needs a dietary source of Vit C?

A

Glucose including farm animals
(Primates and guinea pigs require a dietary source of Vit C)

100
Q

Who lacks the terminal enzyme , gluconolactone oxidase in the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway?

A

Humans and other primates.(we cant make our own vit C so we have to have it in our diet

101
Q

What does Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) act as?(5)

A

1-Antioxidant
2-Assists as co-factor in collagen formation
3-Helos in the hydroxylation of carnitine
4-Conversion of tryptophan to neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine.
5-Enhances iron absorption and regulates the absorption of copper.

102
Q

What is caused by a deficiency of Vit C
?

A

Scurvy in humans.
– Not observed in farm animals
– Structural defects of bone, connective tissue
– Bleeding gums; pinpoint hemorrhage
– Fatigue; microcytic anemia
– Loss of appetite
– Slow wound healing; frequent infections
– Scaly and dry skin; neurological symptoms
– Edema
– Loose teeth, gum problems
– Diarrhea

103
Q

Who found citrus fruits that prevented scurvy by experimenting on British sailors?

A

1930’s- James Lind

ANS 319 Animal Nutrition (17 decks)

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